How The effect of information asymmetry affects Essay Example

How The effect of information asymmetry affects Essay Academic Writing In English for Graduate Students, Spring 2014 How The effect of information assortment affects on business decisions He Jung Gang Business Department, Korea University Paying dividends to shareholders may benefit to some companies chief executive officers (CEO). It is because they receive stock options as an incentive for any dividends Selectivenesss. The shareholders of some firms vote on whether to pay dividends or to Invest In valuable projects. A CEO may try to make encourage hardliners to vote to parlor dividends using information asymmetry. Information asymmetry means a situation where one party has more or superior information compared to another in a transaction. This harmful situation, in which one partys lack of knowledge may lead to disadvantages of, often happens in business decisions. Some companies have tried for shareholders to limit access to financial information to pursue them shareholders to agree to pay for dividends rather than to spend money for on investing investment, especially in R business and growth options. Early studies have found that dividends have a significantly negative influence on investment (Peterson, 1983) due to information asymmetry, even if dividends should not affective no effect. This essay will summarize how information asymmetry affects business decisions in R investments and growth options. First of all. In R Investment. Higher Information asymmetry between CEO and shareholders can occur due to greater uncertainty on the future benefits relative to capital investment, leading to moral hazard problems (Chant, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on How The effect of information asymmetry affects specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on How The effect of information asymmetry affects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on How The effect of information asymmetry affects specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Executives may Orca shareholders to choose to pay dividends rather than to pursue valuable investment projects on limited internal funds. It is because having little financial information provided by CEO leads shareholders to make an Invaluable sub-optimal business decisions. To receive funding from outside Investors, firms may spend money for on conference events If needed or for hilling to make roll the collection of data for reporting for to outside investors. Therefore, firms are likely to cost high for spend a lot to secure funding for R investments (Hall, 2010). Secondly, growth options mean that a company invests to growth of potential future outputs In future. Information asymmetry can also occur in growth options. It Is because growth options have greater uncertainty and Involve unverifiable future cash flow reports (Smith, 1992) and shareholders may be more likely to have difficulties to understanding or estimate estimating future cash flow repossesses reports. When greater competition for internal funds between paying dividends and investing projects occur, companies may be forced to forgo the investments as Coos re reluctant to cut dividends (Lintier, 1956). Information asymmetry will play a vital role negatively to affect business decisions. Again, the higher costs of raising funds As can be seen, due to information asymmetry between executives and shareholders, firms forgo valuable investment projects especially in R and growth options to pay dividends. In summary, information asymmetry plays a crucial role in investment decisions negatively because shareholders can vote to pay dividends rather than to invest in valuable projects in a situation where little data is provided.

Mussolini and Italian Facism essays

Mussolini and Italian Facism essays Benito Mussolini leader of the Fascist government in Italy stated, If the XIXth century was the century of the individual (Liberalism implies individualism), we are free to believe that this is the collective century, and therefore the century of the state (Mussolini: 149 s statement is defensible on so many levels, but the claim cannot be made for the entire century, it was only the first half of the 20th century. In the first half of the twentieth century, governments were more focused on power of the their state, and not the well being of their individual citizens of that certain state. After the First World War, many countries tried Democracy as a form of government in an attempt to steer clear of a Second World War. But with the world economy in ruins during the Great Depression, countries shied away from democracy because they believed capitalism could not work. Other events such as Hitlers rise to power, the Spanish Civil War, and the Cold War are more reasons and event s that support Benito Mussolinis declaration that the 20th century was the collective century. With the culmination of the First World War, countries that were previously controlled by totalitarian regimes, turned away from that style of government. Countries such as Poland, Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania, which were all previously ruled or dominated by Russia, turned to certain forms of democracy as their style of government. Also democracy was instituted in Austria and Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia. These new states believed in their independence, and democracy looked like a desirable blueprint for success in part, due to the allied victory. These countries instituted constitutions developed according to liberal principles. However, political polarization and economic collapse soon endangered these governments. High inflation rates from wartime d...

RITUALS&SYMBOLS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

RITUALS&SYMBOLS - Essay Example Most of the people were dressed nice, but some were wearing blue jeans and nice T-shirts with tennis shoes. The overall impression was a group of fashionable suburbanites at one of their more important social gatherings. The church looked as if it had been constructed sometime in the past ten years. It was relatively large and didn’t necessarily look like the traditional country church with steeple. Instead, it was shaped almost like an L, made of light brown brick and creamy white siding with darker brown brick accenting the cornerstones and other features. At one end of the church, there was an impressive open-air tower that might have been a modern interpretation of the old steeple. The roofs were sharply peaked and tiled in green, giving the church a very natural appearance as if it had been placed there by God for the use of his servants. Inside, the first thing a person entered was the lobby. This was a long, very wide corridor that was lined with windows and covered with skylights. This made it seem almost like standing outside, but was protected from the elements and could be heated and cooled at appropriate times. For those who feel the only proper worship should be held outside, this lobby was very close to bringing the outside in. The light associated with God seemed very welcome and people were offered drinks, food and religious reading or listening material as they passed by small tables. The sanctuary didn’t have as much light, but regular windows, curtained with soft, gauzy white fabric, also allowed plenty of natural light to stream in from the edges. The large array of pipes for the pipe organ stood impressively behind the altar with the choir standing in front of it singing a hymn and making it obvious that music was a large portion of this church’s worship. A large wooden cross and plenty of green potted plants, mostly palm-type plants, decorated the altar as well, again bringing to mind the concept of the natural

Marijuana should be legalized or not Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Marijuana should be legalized or not - Essay Example It is very hard for authorities to reprimand a person for behavior that injures or harms only himself or herself (Clifford 23-26). According to philosophy, current regulation on drugs is unjustified and that some drugs such as marijuana that have been made illegal are treated like alcohol or tobacco. Marijuana should not be legalized despite the ethical implications associated with its use. Body The use of marijuana will lead to increased organized crime rates, corrupt governments, increased violence, and economic markets distortions. The social, economic, and political effects that substance abuse has had on the entire society are self-evident. For instance, a substantial number of Americans who succumb due to drug-related complications has soared. Direct health care costs have also increased to large extents. Besides, substance abuse cost Americans billions of dollars annually. Further, there is Low productivity in the U.S due to morbidity, which has adversely affected the American economy (Boschert 29). Drug- related crimes are the order of the day in U.S in that crime rate has tremendously heightened. Consequently, crime and law enforcement costs have been on the rise due to increases in use of illegal use of marijuana. This has invoked the American government to tighten up its belt in the fight against illicit drug and substance abuse. Psychoactive drugs have been incorporated in social events such as celebrations, religious ceremonies, and rites of passage. When discussing the issue of recreational drugs, it is sensible to talk about the harm associated with these drugs (Sabet 2009). Marijuana can be taken on regular basis with no ill basis but long-term exposure and intake of drugs is harmful. Majority of people die from drug induced causes such as organ damage, heart attack, and even overdose. In addition, there are some healths risks associated with marijuana drugs such as sexually transmitted diseases that arise from poor precautionary judgment. Apart from the self-inflicted harm, there is harm that is caused to others in society such as increased crime rate from users who cannot control their system since drugs consumed inhibits their legitimate decisions (Kilmer 39-42). Theft and muggings are commonly associated with addiction and women who are under the influence of drugs would engage in prostitution without their own convictions to do so. Children born in families where parents are drug user’s end up homeless while family resources are depleted. The idea of selling and using marijuana has both legal and moral issues. On one hand, if the government legalized the use of marijuana in society, we can deduce whether application of marijuana is immoral or not. If the law allows an individual to engage or do certain things, it does not mean that the person should do it. On the other hand, even if the use of marijuana is not morally acceptable we can question ourselves whether the use of such drugs is illegal or not. The law has many flaws in that it allows us to do many things that are immoral such as saying lies to other people (Boschert 32-34). The whole purpose and motive of marijuana is for the pleasure that they produce to the user. Search for pleasure comes natural to us as human beings. It is human nature that people are pleasure seeking and what makes life enjoyable is in pleasure of larger variety. There are pleasures in food, drugs, or romance. This way brain chemistry

Investigating Financial Control Essay Example for Free

Investigating Financial Control Essay Task one The three different types of costs are fixed cost, variable cost and total cost. For all of the diverse types of costs there are also dissimilar calculations to work out each type of revenue. Fixed cost does not change no matter how much they produce, even if the business produces 1 or 1,000,000,000 it will always stay the same. Examples of fixed costs are rent, salaries, rates and loan payments. Variable cost change with the level of production. In order to work out the total variable cost you have to times together the quantity and the variable cost. Also, to determine the total cost you have to add the fixed cost and the variable cost. The meaning of Start up cost is the money you need to start up the business. Running cost always varies because of the level of stock changes and you have to pay for workers. In the case of Kiren and Zaiba, salaries are used as a fixed cost because they don’t change with the level of output. Heating and lighting are used as a variable cost because the variable cost change with the level of production. The sum: Fixed cost + variable cost = total cost which is 6,000 in the scenario. The definitions for the following words are: Profit What is left when all costs incurred in making and selling a product are deducted from the revenue gained from that sale. It acts as the reward to the entrepreneur, usually the owner of the business, who has provided the capital. It is usually the net profit after tax which represents the surplus for the owners of the business and is paid as a dividend to shareholders. Profit maximization is seen as one of the major objectives of a business, although it is more likely to be an objective for the investors in a business, than for its managers or employees. It might be for those groups that profit acts as a constraint, while higher sales orhigher wages and salaries are more important objectives Net profit: This is the amount of sales revenue that a business earns less all the costs involved in achieving that revenue, including both direct costs and expenses. The net profit figure represents the figure for profit before taxation or a dividend are further deducted, and shows how successful a business has been in generating profits from its trading activities. Gross profit The figure obtained on the profit and loss account when the cost of goods sold is deducted from the sales revenue of a business, but it does not take into account any of the expenses of running a business such as wages, distribution costs or administration costs. Fixed cost Variable cost Total cost Rent  £800 Heating and lighting  £200 Salaries  £1400 Advertising  £50 Insurance  £210 Administration  £50 Rates  £150 400 CD’s  £2800 Loan repayments  £290 Telephone  £50  £2850  £3150  £6000 Task 2 Kiran Zaiba analysis: In task two I used excel to work out the break even point, at diverse costs. The fixed costs were the same because I only have done break even for one month. The quantity is going up in one hundreds. I calculated the variable cost by multiplying the quantity by 6 which came out to be going up in six hundreds. I calculated the total cost by adding the fixed cost by the variable cost; in this case it was increasing by six hundred. To calculate the sales revenue, I had to multiple the quantities by 12, which was increasing by 1200. To calculate profit or loss, I subtract sales revenue from total cost. According to the information on my table Kiran zaiba have to sell 1000 CD’s to break even. Break even is when the cost is 6000 and the quantity is 6. In the following table I have changed the fixed cost to 6950 because the following values increased: the rate increased to  £300 also, the telephone increased to  £100, advertising to  £125 and the lighting and heating increased to  £425. Using the contributing method I will calculate the following data to achieve how much CD’s will be needed to break even. In order to do this I will have to use the following equation 6950 divided by 6. The sum equals 1158. So they will have to sell 1158 to break even. This means that they will have to increase sales. Advantages of break even analysis Disadvantages of break even analysis Break even can be used to predict profit It price suddenly changed it wouldn’t take it in Break even can be used to determine financial needs For example, If petrol prices go up the break even will not show the increase. Keep track of profits and losses. It is a forecast which means that the data is predicted. Gives you ideas for selling prices (if you made a lot of money at that period of time). It helps to calculate profits Helps to make decisions on prices I think that break even is very useful because: It assists you to figure out your profit Helps you by giving you assumptions of prices It is extremely significant in that if you are taking into consideration to applying for a loan. Gives you a clear impression of prices TASK 3 Analysis for cash flow forecast I will now construct the cash flow forecast I have now prepared an annual cash flow forecast using monthly data I have also included the loan in January. The table looks like this for a regular cash flow forecast: image00.png The sales become irregular due to an immense amplify in downloading and sharing music. The irregular cash flow forecast should look like this: image01.png Cash flow forecast is extremely significant and has many uses. For example, it helps the bank manager to keep up to date; it helps managers to plan ahead and it also determines if there is a problem with the cash flow by resolving the difficulty. Regular cash flow shows: That there is not a problem with the cash flow because the opening bank balance is always increasing, so the profit is rising. The main objective for a cash flow forecast is to see whether there is a profit or loss. Currently, I have identified that with the regular cash flow there is not a problem because all the numbers are increasing, meaning that a profit has been achieved. Irregular cash flow forecast shows that: The opening bank balance starts with zero; it then rises immensely in February to 11300. Then it starts to decrease steeply all the way to December, leaving the opening bank balance drawn to a close with -37470. This is bad for the business because now they are not making a profit The total cash inflows, starts of with 18000 in January. Then it starts to reduce in each and every month, until it comes to December where it increases to 2700 from November. This is consequently leading them to a loss. The total cash outflows contrast from low to high in that, in January it is 6700 and then increases enormously to 9500 in December. The Implication of the problem is that there is an increase in people who tend to download and share music. This will inevitably affect their sales. This will also consequently make Kiran and Zaiba fall to lose a profit. Because of this problem Kiran and Zaiba are making a loss of  £43,920. The implication to the problem is that, In order to reject the lost, I recommend that The other way around this is to increase the number of quantities, in order to sell more and increase profit. Or, lower maintenance costs and launching a download website so you can attract costumers worldwide. Task 4 The documents which Kiran and Zaiba will need to sequence sales and purchasing from order to receipt of goods are: Issues by the purchaserIssued by the seller Delivery note- accompanies the goods. Is signed by purchaser as proof of delivery. Sales invoice- gives full details of goods, prices, discounts, VAT Credit note- issued if goods are returned or to adjust any over- charges on the invoice. Statement of account- summarises all transactions and states balance owning. Remittance advice – summarises the account for return with cheque payment Cash receipt- issued to confirm cash payment has been received Purchase order- lists items required and price for each. Goods received note- lists items received. Purchaser tells seller if any shortages or damage Cheque or electronic transfer- to pay balance on statement I am now going to describe the manual and electronic ways of recording financial transaction that Kiran and Zaiba could use: Predominantly, most Kiran and Zaiba’s transactions are mostly recorded electronically because they are developed either by an electronic cash register or by computer. The advantage of recording transaction for Kiran and Zaiba indicate that any linked documents are printed mechanically. Kiran and Zaiba may want to take the alternative route by considering keeping manual records which are then kept by businesses that would not find it valuable to buy a cash register or use a computer system. Even people who receive payments in a customer’s home- such as service engineers- are now more likely to record the transaction on a laptop than carry a receipt book with them. Kiran and Zaiba want and need to prevent fraud because they are a minute business. To terminate these frauds they will have to have: A thoughtful staff selection which are trustworthy to procedure which includes character references. A â€Å"whistle- blowing† scheme where workers are compensated for reporting fraud. The system should guarantee that information is treated confidentially. An unambiguous policy on dealing with fraud. Scam is usually considered to be â€Å"gross misconduct† (which means disgusting bad behaviour) for which workers can be fired instantaneously as part of the disciplinary procedure. Task 5 The strengths of a cash flow forecast are that: It helps the bank manger to keep up to date It records how much money you have It gives you ideas to plan ahead Demonstrates how much money you have at the present time The forecasts of sales and cash flow, and hence crucial abundance of profit, will be vital on which the prospective bankers will assess the upcoming feasibility of the business. It follows that these forecasts will come under crucial inspection and significant judgement. The importance of cash inflows is so you distinguish how much value of money is going towards the inside of a businesses bank account at a particular time. An example for this could be: the income Kiran and Zaiba make for selling CD’s. The strengths of break even are: It helps you see where you have an increase or decrease in your profit. Keeps you informed Break even engrosses discovering what would occur if there were changes to cost of revenues. The types of questions the boss would ask are: Is it possible for Kiran and Zaiba to increase sales by 5% and still make a profit even if sales fall? If by reducing sales by 10% will this effect Kiran and Zaiba? Say if Kiran and Zaiba shift of to an inexpensive property, how would this affect our profits? There is many different ways in which, to record this information. For instance, Manual recording principally used by businesses that, tend not sense that it is advisable to buy a cash register or computer. (For example, If Kiran and Zaiba don’t sell as much CD’s then, they may find it simpler to record these manually). Also, there is an alternative route which is, to record by electronically, which means that associated documents are printed mechanically. This could be beneficial if Kiran and Zaiba are selling lots of CD’s. Cash flow indicates the amount of money received and spent over time. This is significant in that, you will then be aware of how much income is in the bank. If Kiran and Zaiba have an enormous demand they can amplify there sales because there are not adequate CD’s. They could charge more which is better for the business because they are making more profit. But if there is too much CD’s then they could reduce prices to sell more, thus allowing them to make profits. Just to add, the main objective for any business is to make a profit. So, Kiran and Zaiba will want to do so. To do this, Kiran and Zaiba may want to take this into consideration that they may want to reduce their sales in order to sell more and to attract more costumers.

Hemingways Economy Of Style English Literature Essay

Hemingways Economy Of Style English Literature Essay A Clean, Well-Lighted Place is arguably not only one of Hemingways best short stories but also a story that clearly demonstrates the techniques of Hemingways signature writing style. Hemingway is known for his economic prose-his writing is minimalist and sparse, with few adverbs or adjectives. He includes only essential information, often omitting background information, transitions, and dialogue tags such as he said or she said. He often uses pronouns without clear antecedents, such as using the word it without clarifying what it refers to. Hemingway applies the iceberg principle to his stories: only the tip of the story is visible on the page, while the rest is left underwater-unsaid. Hemingway also rarely specifies which waiter is speaking in the story because he has deemed such clarification unnecessary. The essential element is that two waiters are discussing a drunk old man-the rest can be omitted according to Hemingways economy of style. When the older waiter contemplates the idea of nothingness, Hemingway loads the sentences with vague pronouns, never clarifying what they refer to: It was all a nothing.  .  .  . It was only that.  .  .  . Some lived in it  .  .  . Although these lines are somewhat confusing, the confusion is the point. This nothingness cant be defined clearly, no matter how many words are used. Hemingway uses fewer words and lets the effect of his style speak for itself. The Deceptive Pacing of the Story Hemingway does not waste words on changing scenes or marking the passage of time, leaving it up to us to keep track of whats happening and the storys pacing. For example, only a brief conversation between the waiters takes place between the time when the younger waiter serves the old man a brandy and the time when the old man asks for another. Hemingway is not suggesting that the old man has slugged back the brandy quickly. In fact, the old man stays in the cafà © for a long time. Time has lapsed here, but Hemingway leaves it up to us to follow the pace of the story. The pace of A Clean, Well-Lighted Place may seem swift, but the action of the story actually stretches out for much longer than it appears to. The sitting, drinking, and contemplating that take place are languid actions. We may read the story quickly, but the scenes themselves are not quick. Just as Hemingway doesnt waste words by trying to slow down his scenes, he also refrains from including unnecessary transitions. F or example, when the older waiter leaves the cafà © and mulls over the idea of nothingness, he finishes his parody of prayer and, without any transition that suggests that he was walking, we suddenly find him standing at a bar. Hemingway lets the waiters thoughts serve as the transition. When he writes, He smiled and stood before a bar, were meant to understand that the waiter had been walking and moving as he was thinking to himself. And when the waiter orders a drink at the bar, the bartender offers him another just two sentences later. Again, Hemingway is not suggesting that the waiter gulps his drink. Instead, he conveys only the most essential information in the scene. Existentialism and the Lost Generation The term Lost Generation refers to the writers and artists living in Paris after World War I. The violence of World War I, also called the Great War, was unprecedented and invalidated previous ideas about faith, life, and death. Traditional values that focused on God, love, and manhood dissolved, leaving Lost Generation writers adrift. They struggled with moral and psychological aimlessness as they searched for the meaning of life in a changed world. This search for meaning and these feelings of emptiness and aimlessness reflect some of the principle ideas behind existentialism. Existentialism is a philosophical movement rooted in the work of the Danish philosopher Sà ¸ren Kierkegaard, who lived in the mid-1800s. The movement gained popularity in the mid-1900s thanks to the work of the French intellectuals Jean-Paul Sartre, Simone de Beauvoir, and Albert Camus, including Sartres Being and Nothingness (1943). According to existentialists, life has no purpose, the universe is indiffer ent to human beings, and humans must look to their own actions to create meaning, if it is possible to create meaning at all. Existentialists consider questions of personal freedom and responsibility. Although Hemingway was writing years before existentialism became a prominent cultural idea, his questioning of life and his experiences as a searching member of the Lost Generation gave his work existentialist overtones. Themes, Motifs, and Symbols Themes Life as Nothingness In A Clean, Well-Lighted Place, Hemingway suggests that life has no meaning and that man is an insignificant speck in a great sea of nothingness. The older waiter makes this idea as clear as he can when he says, It was all a nothing and man was a nothing too. When he substitutes the Spanish word nada (nothing) into the prayers he recites, he indicates that religion, to which many people turn to find meaning and purpose, is also just nothingness. Rather than pray with the actual words, Our Father who art in heaven, the older waiter says, Our nada who art in nada-effectively wiping out both God and the idea of heaven in one breath. Not everyone is aware of the nothingness, however. For example, the younger waiter hurtles through his life hastily and happily, unaware of any reason why he should lament. For the old man, the older waiter, and the other people who need late-night cafà ©s, however, the idea of nothingness is overwhelming and leads to despair. The Struggle to Deal with Despair The old man and older waiter in A Clean, Well-Lighted Place struggle to find a way to deal with their despair, but even their best method simply subdues the despair rather than cures it. The old man has tried to stave off despair in several unsuccessful ways. We learn that he has money, but money has not helped. We learn that he was once married, but he no longer has a wife. We also learn that he has unsuccessfully tried to commit suicide in a desperate attempt to quell the despair for good. The only way the old man can deal with his despair now is to sit for hours in a clean, well-lit cafà ©. Deaf, he can feel the quietness of the nighttime and the cafà ©, and although he is essentially in his own private world, sitting by himself in the cafà © is not the same as being alone. The older waiter, in his mocking prayers filled with the word nada, shows that religion is not a viable method of dealing with despair, and his solution is the same as the old mans: he waits out the nighttime in cafà ©s. He is particular about the type of cafà © he likes: the cafà © must be well lit and clean. Bars and bodegas, although many are open all night, do not lessen despair because they are not clean, and patrons often must stand at the bar rather than sit at a table. The old man and the older waiter also glean solace from routine. The ritualistic cafà ©-sitting and drinking help them deal with despair because it makes life predictable. Routine is something they can control and manage, unlike the vast nothingness that surrounds them. Motifs Loneliness Loneliness pervades A Clean, Well-Lighted Place and suggests that even though there are many people struggling with despair, everyone must struggle alone. The deaf old man, with no wife and only a niece to care for him, is visibly lonely. The younger waiter, frustrated that the old man wont go home, defines himself and the old man in opposites: Hes lonely. Im not lonely. Loneliness, for the younger waiter, is a key difference between them, but he gives no thought to why the old man might be lonely and doesnt consider the possibility that he may one day be lonely too. The older waiter, although he doesnt say explicitly that he is lonely, is so similar to the old man in his habit of sitting in cafà ©s late at night that we can assume that he too suffers from loneliness. The older waiter goes home to his room and lies in bed alone, telling himself that he merely suffers from sleeplessness. Even in this claim, however, he instinctively reaches out for company, adding, Many must have it. The thought that he is not alone in having insomnia or being lonely comforts him. Symbols The Cafà © The cafà © represents the opposite of nothingness: its cleanliness and good lighting suggest order and clarity, whereas nothingness is chaotic, confusing, and dark. Because the cafà © is so different from the nothingness the older waiter describes, it serves as a natural refuge from the despair felt by those who are acutely aware of the nothingness. In a clean, brightly lit cafà ©, despair can be controlled and even temporarily forgotten. When the older waiter describes the nothingness that is life, he says, It was only that and light was all it needed and a certain cleanness and order. The it in the sentence is never defined, but we can speculate about the waiters meaning: although life and man are nothing, light, clealiness, and order can serve as substance. They can help stave off the despair that comes from feeling completely unanchored to anyone or anything. As long as a clean, well-lighted cafà © exists, despair can be kept in check.

American Society for Training & Development: A Closer Look

Organizations exist for different purposes. There have been countless successful organizations but there were also equal numbers of unsuccessful ones. The American Society for Training & Development (ASTD) is clearly a successful organization. It is considered as the world’s largest association that is committed in workplace learning and performance professionals. Its members originate from different countries worldwide. ASTD is a committee organization which consists of a group of people who usually lead the whole organization. This type of organization, though it has a broad decision making, has a limited functional authority.The good thing on committee authority is that there is harmony between executives and co-workers. Even executives who have lesser experience can broaden their perspectives through active participation. Moreover, there is an assurance of continuity of committee functions. On the other hand, this type of organization is time consuming. Others also say tha t â€Å"committee is made up of the unfit selected by the unwilling to do the unnecessary. † There are also instances when the chairman is forced to make a decision when the committee members have difficulty arriving at a unified agreement.The responsibility is divided among the members and it seeks unanimous decisions. Committee organization is best used to represent interest groups, training, innovation and coordination of planning. The ASTD have the following services: they provide resources for the professionals, which are helpful for researches and publications. They also conduct conferences and expositions in different locations and facilitate the online communities. Aside from these, the ASTD offers programs and choices for careers. ASTD seeks to create a world that works better through exceptional learning and performance.They envision a world-wide leader in workplace learning and performance. Harrison says that leadership is really all about performance. In this case , wherein a 16-member team leads the members, the ASTD is spearheaded by designated leadership. The 16-member team takes responsibility for the whole members and drives them towards their goals. The designated leaders also think of how they will achieve these goals. One of the best things about what ASTD offers to its members is the wide array of resources from the marketplace that they can have access to.They have online environments where the members can gain access to resources such as articles, book summaries and reviews on topics ranging from management to trainings. Aside from these, there are also magazines, newsletters, research reports, Webpages and blogs. The organization also made way for the Training Fundamentals Community where the members can have access on different resources available and connect them to their peers who can help in developing training solutions for a particular organization.The ASTD also conduct conferences and expositions with world-renowned leaders as speakers. The members learn a lot of new things, whether theories or models, that they can adapt to their organization. This facilitates a better workplace learning and performance. The organization also offers exhibit and sponsorship opportunities for their training suppliers. It also offers many choices of certificates from education programs. ASTD also holds the Benchmarking Forum which offers opportunities to benchmark the practices and processes of the members.ASTD is clearly a place where a professional can be more professional. Their resources and programs will be the vehicle for an organization to achieve its success. Being a good leader or a professional means you follow principles that are good for the organization. You have to find ways on how to improve your skills and competencies. There will always be room for improvement to be able to lead the organization to that sweet success. REFERENCES http://www. astd. org/ASTD

Movie Scene Evaluation

Movie Scene Evaluation Project Analysis 1) Apply all eight Elements of Interpersonal Communication to you scene. The clip illustrates a very good example of interpersonal communication. In this clip Alpachino (The Blind man) is the major source (encoder) in interpersonal communication. Charlie (Suspect/Witness), Dean, Willis Jr. , disciplinary committee and the student body are the decoders of the messages. The crowd is astounded by the encoder and gave a positive timely feedback which gave confident to the speaker to give the speech boldly.The bridge (channel) connecting the sender and the receiver is primarily verbal (vocal-auditory channel). Since the speaker in the scene is blind therefore there are not many visible facial gestures but the vocal tone (the highs and the lows) of the speaker compensates for his impairment. Sender’s blindness acts as the gatekeeper in this clip. The actor delivered the speech so well that his impairment (blindness) never obstructs to communic ate with people around him effectively.However, there is a little but effective use of hands to convey his message to the receivers. There is a little hint of psychological noise in the scene too, which is evident since the Dean does not want to hear the elevated and harsh tone of Frank. The context of the scene is in temporal and social-psychological dimension. The gravity of the situation forced the speaker in the clip to take an action in a harsh manner and the relation that had developed between Frank and Charles shows the social-psychological dimension.The clip also consist the element of ethics in it since Frank defended the innocent (Charles). The speaker with his high level of interpersonal competence convinces everyone in the hall to let justice prevail. 2) How do we see one of the 7 principles of Communication used in this scene? The clip is pretty rich in covering the principles of communication. However, the most obvious of them all is the purposefulness of interpersonal communication.Five such purposes can be identified in the scene; to learn- through interpersonal communication everyone in the scene learnt about justice; to relate- speakers closeness to Charlie(defendant) is evident through his words to defend him; to influence- the speaker through his word of justice persuaded and influenced everyone present in the event; to play- a formal outlay of the scene doesn’t introduces the element of playfulness; but the concept of help is pretty obvious in the form that the speaker is helping through his word to convince the jury and defend the Charles. ) Were your characters from individualistic or collectivist cultures? Explain how their characters affected the way they acted towards each other. The attitudes and behavior that are characteristics of a particular social group or organization defines culture. Frank the main speaker in the clip encultured rules, regulation, discipline and self obsession from army in his past which makes him lean towards individualistic culture but in his speech to support Charles he presents the tendency of collectivist culture.Whereas, Charles accultured tameness and shyness since he belonged to a hardworking middle class family which is evident throughout the movie and in and the clip as well. The Dean here shows the tendencies of individualistic culture since he portrays power, authority and discipline. Therefore, Frank and Dean throughout the clip talk aggressively, whereas, Charles act in a timid manner. 4) What is a stereotype, and what stereotypes are present in your scene? Stereotype is a fixed impression of a group of people.Stereotyping is not very evident in this particular clip but giving a verdict only on Charles whether intentionally or unintentionally by the Dean could be characterized as stereotyping. Another example of stereotyping is by Frank (Alpachino) where forms an impression about Charle’s peers involved in prank played against the Dean as rich parent’s spoiled brats. 5) Apply four parts of Johari Window to one of the character in your scene? Frank (Alpachino) is a confident, blunt and a straightforward retired army man is his openself.His hidden self is his remaining dreams for an adventure during the movie which he later reveals to Charles on the trip to New York. Franks explicit expression could be defined as his blindself since he doesn’t realize how the other person could be affected by his words and actions that he says and delivers. In the movie several times it can be seen that Franck experiences mood swings which is his unknown self, neither he nor anyone else talk about it but the audience watching the movie can identify it. 6) What is self-serving bias and explain how one character used it in your scene.When we take credit for the positive and deny responsibility for the negative is called self-serving bias. In this particular scene Mr. Willis Jr. knowing he is responsible for the prank played on the dean, denies, lying to save himself that he was present at the location but did not have his contact lens on, therefore, could not see and referred Dean, Charles being present at the location. 7) How could your characters have increased the accuracy of their impression formation? In my opinion the only person in the scene who would need accuracy in impression formation would be the Dean.He needs to look into ‘ANALYZE IMPRESSION’ by avoiding early conclusions on the basis of his observations and â€Å"REDUCE UNCERTAINIY† by learning about a person through others; in this case about Charles. 8) Apply all 5 stages of the process of listening to the scene in you movie. Since this scene mirrors court room scene which is formal and disciplined thus there is almost no noise present in the clip and the receiving of the message is very clear which helps the student, disciplinary committee, Dean and the suspects understand interpersonal communication easily.The remembering stage is onl y restricted to temporal dimension since it’s on short term basis but its impact would have remained in long term memory. Evaluation of the message is pretty easy too since its clear from the speech that Frank is trying to defend Charles. Student’s reaction in form of an applaud towards the speech is the responding. 9) Name a listening barrier that you have witnessed in the scene? Premature Judgment is a listening barrier in this scene. Dean is drawing conclusions on incomplete evidence. He doesn’t want to listen to Frank’s speech and constantly try to stop him.It can be implied from Dean’s facial gestures (non-verbal communication) that he doesn’t want to listen to anything anymore and just want to give the verdict. 10) Based on what we have learned in our class, how could communication have been improved in this scene? Frank(Alpachino) is blind in this scene. I believe the communication could have been much more effective if Frank wasnâ₠¬â„¢t suffering from this impairment. Furthermore, if Dean would have listened to and analyzed the situation indifferently and wouldn’t have formed a premature judgment, it would have taken lesser time to come to a conclusion, thus, improving the communication.

Poetry Contrast Between Poems Essays

Poetry Contrast Between Poems Essays Poetry Contrast Between Poems Paper Poetry Contrast Between Poems Paper Poetry is a way of representing values and beleifs of the Author through poetic techniques such as Personification, Repetition, Alliteration, Rhythm, Antonym, Synanym, Assonance, Rhetorical questions highlighting on the authors ideologies . My country by Dorothea Mckellar written in 1904 and The New true anthem by kevin gilbert written inhave both contructed two different representations of Australian landscape. This essay will compare and contrast these two Australian poems, explaining how these poets ideologies differ surrounding Australian landscape. Because of the ideological positions of the poets they have constructed two completely different representations of Australia Mckellar uses romantasized notions to influence the audience to see Australia in a positive light, silencing Australians destructive nature, Mckellar invites an Australian audience to share and identify with her feelings by saying that those who are not Australian would not understand the love she feels. By offering this invitation, she has constructed a poem that speaks to our national identity: if we understand what she is trying to communicate, then we are Australians. Whereas Gilbert focusses on the negative visual imagery and the abuse of the landscape by the people, to get people to align with his point of veiw, silencing the beautiful nature of Australian landscape Kevin Gilbert is an indigeneous poet responding to Mckellars poem, reflecting what European civilization has done to the natural landscape. Both poems reinforce particualr ideologies, influencing the audience to align with their values and beliefs- Which ones state in concluding sentence Mckellar poem my country Through the use of poetic devices to further emphasise her message to the audience, which is of Australia being this untammed beautiful country, Mckellar uses postive representations to enhance the flow of the peice. When reading My Counrty the poem brings to mind Australias natural assets. The beauty in the land and varied landscapes which feed into you as a resident of this country. Her joy is infectious. The visual imagery Her affection for this country has an extremety bourne in and of the land itself. She loves the good of it: the sweeping plains, the mountains and the jewel-sea and all the resplendent beauty there for you to see. Her love takes in and encompasses the bad: the droughts, and floods, the terrors of living in her country, even the expanse brownness within it. She shows a knowledge of her country and an attraction to the country, and not a fantastic, idealised version of the same. This injects a realism that wouldnt otherwise exist in this poem. It helps you believe that the place she describes is real, not imagined. is telling how she repeats this the line Core of my heart, my country! and identifies herself with the flood, fire and famine as well as the golden rainbow. Even as she recognises the bad so too the good does not escape her attention. The generosity of the land is noted as it pays us back threefold and its so clear that you can see the plants growing. Rhyme. The second and fourth lines in each stanza rhyme; so do the sixth and eighth. Analogy. She uses it mainly in her imagery (jewel-sea, The drumming of an army,/The steady, soaking rain), but it is worth separate note. Personification. For example, the thirsty paddocks, referring to the country as she.

buy custom The Impact of Technology on Education essay

buy custom The Impact of Technology on Education essay Teachers should be particularly careful when using technology in teaching. Nowadays students use computers frequently than in the past. The National School Boards association found out that students exposed to technology perform better in standardized tests than those students not subjected to technology. Teachers and educators ought to be aware of the potential negative impact of technology on learning. Inappropriate use of technology leads to poor effects of technology. Some disadvantages of technology on learning include increased plagiarism and cheating, lack of vocabularies while speaking, time wasting, overuse of technology, and lack of seriousness among the students (Reed, 2010). Discussion Most students take advantage of the internet to cheat while doing the exams. Plagiarism is yet another problem, where students copy information from the web. This means that students have become lazy to do their own work. All they have to do is to go to the internet, copy the information they need, and finally paste it down. At times, it proves difficult for teachers to trace the source of such information on the web; hence, they do not discover plagiarism. Some other students use the mobile phones during exam time to browse the correct answers and get helpful material from their friends. A study conducted by the University of Washington revealed that DVDs, meant to educate babies, have slipped infant vocabulary. The study found out that babies, who watch DVDs, do not develop their vocabulary unlike babies who did not watch the educational videos and games. To teach the new generation in classrooms; teachers make use of educational games and videos. This is to help the babies to develop their growing minds and increase their level of knowledge, as well as awareness (Petrina, 2007). Neurological changes serve as another disadvantage of technology on learning. In todays world where the computers can be found everywhere, reading and writing take a back seat because students find it easy to click and scroll using the computer mouse. People no longer make their own decisions as they mke little sense to them. Temple University conducted a survey, in the year 2007, and the findings revealed that more than 80% of families in Philadelphia did not read or buy a book. Doctors link certain illnesses to exposure to a lot of information. Some teachers lack experience when it comes to the use of computers. Now that every minute counts, some teachers end up wasting valuable time because of technical problems with the computers. Computers experience problems from time to time. These problems could be malfunctioning of some computer parts or even problems with the software. Teachers also face a problem because they teach students with different computer literacy skills. Some students have no or little exposure to computers, and this proves it hard to teach such a class. Time, therefore, becomes wasted because the teachers will need to cater for each childs needs (Montague, 2004). Another problem faced by the teachers is the mentality that the students have that computers should be used for playing games. Since most students use computers in their homes primarily for playing games, they, therefore, associate them with technology and games. Failure to address this issue properly can affect the learning process. Some students get distracted and bored fast since they will not be using the computer as they have previously used it. However, some teachers can use this as an advantage to them. They can explore it by utilizing it and making learning more enjoyable. Overuse of technology, especially computers, can interfere with the learning process. This is because a good number of students learn best when they mentally and physically interact with the subject of study. Therefore, excessive use of the internet will not care for such students needs. Learning, using computers, does not allow enough time for analysis, reflection or imagination. These vital skills become ignored when teaching using computers, video games or television. These skills are getting lost with time, yet they used to be there before the introduction of technological learning. Several studies show that imagination develops through reading. Reflection, induction and critical thinnking are also essential skills developed through reading different materials. Visual media deny students those skills, as well as print skills (Gev, 2002). Overcoming negative effects of technology in education Teachers should ensure that students do their original work and that there is no cheating or plagiarism. Strict measures, such as examination cancellation, ought to be taken on students who engage in cheating and plagiarism. Teachers should also be advised to use programs that detect plagiarism to ensure that their students do original research while doing their assignments and research (Pierson, 2003). Students should be taught using alternative methods, especially the young children. Visual media in teaching should be avoided at all costs. Teachers should encourage students to read books and other reading materials, so that they improve on their imaginative, analysis, induction and thinking skills. Reading would help learners to improve on their writing skills. Students ought to be encouraged to read for pleasure. Teachers and parents need to instill a reading culture to the children. They should also read for the young children to set an excellent example for them. Students should also be encouraged to use the computer when necessary to avoid certain illness, associated with the use of computers in learning. Technology should be an alternative method of teaching and not the sole method of teaching. Linguistic knowledge comes through interacting with people who use the desired language. Rather than spending time watching DVDs and videos, children can be exposed to people who speak so that they learn from them. Students, who use technology frequently, do not stick to the task. They aim at jumping to the next step even without understanding the concept. Parents should teach their students that computers are not merely used to lay games. They ought to teach them some other uses of computers, such as learning. Again, if computers are to be used in teaching, all areas, rural area inclusive should be supplied with computers and internet so that all students receive the same education (Ferranti, 2003). 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Why would Basel III be Effective on Hedging Against Financial Risks Essay

Why would Basel III be Effective on Hedging Against Financial Risks and another Potential Financial Crisis - Essay Example The risk created due to the changes in the economic situation quickly eroded the capital of the banks thus making Basel II also a pro-cyclical accord. (Varotto)1 Basel-III is a new initiative by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision to improve the liquidity as well as the capital adequacy of the banks amid the financial crisis. Though still in the consultative phase, Basel III is considered as an upgradation of the existing Basel –II framework and has placed new requirements on the economic capital of the banks. According to the new changes, the core capital of the banks will be increased as a percentage of the Tier 1 capital of the bank where the Tier 3 capital of the banks and financial institutions may be scrapped under the new rules. There will be many major changes under the new capital accord making banks more capable of facing the challenges of any future economic shocks. (Standard & Poors)2 This paper will discuss the notion of why Basel III will be effective on h edging against the financial risks and other potential financial crisis in the future. Prior Research Basel-III is still in a consultative phase and there is generally a dearth of the research on the topic and how it is going to affect the financial system. Basel II was launched in order to make banks’ capital more risk sensitive in the wake of the overall risks faced by the financial system as a whole. The current financial crisis has largely exposed the inability of the Basel II to actually safeguard the banks against the changes taking place at the global level due to the financial crisis. (The Economist)3 It’s being argued that the Basel-II failed to allow the banks to safeguard themselves against the extreme stress faced during the current economic crisis. Basel-III accord is therefore aimed at ensuring that balance sheets of the banks should be further strengthened to help them safeguard against the extreme situations. (Hauswald)4 It is also argued that Basel II was actually the underlying cause of the current financial crisis and Basel-III may not also result into better management of the banks in the wake of the potential financial crisis. This line of argument is however, based upon the notion of the pro-cyclical nature of the accord and how banks can actually circumvent the regulations in order to take benefit from them. (Lall)5 It is also argued that Basel-III may slow down the economic growth- a feature which was actually not present in the previous Basel accords. This is due to the higher liquidity requirements for the banks as well as the holding of large amount of Tier-1 capital thus restricting the ability of the banks to lend aggressively. (Corrigan)6 Understanding the Main Proposals of the Basel III Framework Basel-III is different from Basel II and Basel-I on different counts including the introduction of two new ratios which banks have to manage besides changing the ratios for the core capital and Tier 1 capital while at the s ame time eliminating the Tier 3 capital altogether. As such new Basel-III accord attempts to lay down new rules and regulations for capital, liquidity as well as the leverage of the banks to improve their risk management practices, supervision and internal governance mechanism. (Summerfield)7 The overall purpose of the accord is to strengthen the capital of the banks so that the extreme risks arising due to the financial crisis could be avoided. It is because of this reason that the new accord proposes to hold more buffer capital while at the same time advocating for higher cash holdings. As such, new accord propos

Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 12

Business Law - Essay Example Meztista then offered a 50 percent share, based on the accounts, and Hylton accepted with a written reservation. Hylton has since filed a suit while Meztista claims that accord and acceptance relinquished rights to such claims. The legal position of the case lies in the legal principle of termination of a contract. Under termination by parties’ agreement, accord and satisfaction legally discharge parties of their obligations in a contract. Goldman and Sigismond define accord and satisfaction as a party’s decision to accept a lesser consideration to an original agreement followed by an actual execution of such acceptance. Accord and satisfaction therefore sets aside previous provisions of a contract (Goldman and Sigismond, p. 216, 217). The best argument for this case is that the parties’ obligations in the partnership were discharged by accord and satisfaction. Meztista is likely to win under this argument because Hylton relinquished legal rights by accepting the lesser payment to discharge the partnership