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Saturday, August 10, 2019
Cadbury Schweppes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1
Cadbury Schweppes - Essay Example Aside from pivoting around these two elements, its responsible role is backed by CSR vision and strategy. Additionally, Cadbury Schweppes responsible role comes from the systems it has in place along with the company's pledge to live by its values. Through these steps the company strives to promote a brand that people love.1 The idea of promoting a brand that people love is fuelled by the idea that the more people love the brand, the more likely it is for Cadbury Schweppes to retain their position and do even better. In order to promote a brand that people love, the company listens to what people want. The company also learns from its past experiences with products that people easily take to. Through this simple process, Cadbury Schweppes has managed to successfully launch many products in the global market, as they know what people want.2 Acting responsibly is one aspect that Cadbury Schweppes continues to emphasize on. This aspect has permitted the company to place great value on its shareowners. This has allowed the company to put further thought into its CSR strategy that has Five Pillars. These include: Cadbury Schweppes continues to renew its commitments towards responsible growth of its business. Renewed commitments allows the company to be prepared for future CSR journey, which is termed as the company's 'Goals and Commitments on Sustainability.' Cadbury Schweppes has goals set for each of its Five Pillars for CSR strategy that is in sync with its approach to sustainability.3 The Problem Cadbury Faces Currently: Until recently, Cadbury Schweppes had little problem with its reputation. However, in June 2006, questions were raised regarding the ethical standards and social responsibility that the company preached for so long. According to the health department, Cadbury Schweppes has circulated stock that was contaminated4. This was discovered because of few cases of food poisoning that were traced back to Cadbury Schweppes. It was discovered that there was a leaking waste pipe that dripped some contaminants into Cadbury Schweppes' chocolate fudge. This is one of the ingredients used in many Cadbury products. After the investigation, it was determined that Cadbury Schweppes stood to lose 20 m because they had to recall the stock that was affected by the contamination5. Aside from the financial loss, there is also a risk of the company losing the trust of many customers. A Strategy to Counter Cadbury's Contamination Issue: Given that there are other top companies in the market today that have suffered breakdowns in ethical procedures, Cadbury Schweppes can recover from its position. It must be remembered that there are two things that Cadbury Schweppes stands to lose with its contamination issue; 20 m in circulated stock, and the trust of its customers. By already delaying recalling this circulated stock Cadbury has done itself damage. The strategy that Cadbury needs to adopt is: saving the company from long-term damage.6 Strategy Implementation: In order to save itself from long-term damage, Cadbury Schweppes
Friday, August 9, 2019
Building and ethical organization procedure and characteristics the Essay
Building and ethical organization procedure and characteristics the case of Medicare Services Ltd - Essay Example The organization has been divided into two major parts, the Human Needs section and the Medical Needs section. The first one refers exclusively to the provision of psychological support in various cases including mental illnesses of temporary or permanent character. The above support is provided without a differentiation between the mental illnesses that have a genetic cause and those that have been developed gradually or by accident after a severe psychological pressure. As for the pure Medical department, this can handle all types of medical problems even severe injuries. The reason for such an extended area of activity is that the institute’s human resources department decided to include a multi – skills element when deciding the structure, the roles and the knowledge of the organizational workforce. The only problem seems to be the absence of sufficient space for a long-term ‘residence’ of patients. At the moment, in both departments only a short term residence is available, however, there is a plan for the extension of the institute’s space through the‘re-construction’ of a near-by building which is also included in the institute’s property.
Thursday, August 8, 2019
Communication knowdgen Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words
Communication knowdgen - Assignment Example Workplace communication for the 21st century: Tools and strategies that impact the bottom line: V.1: Internal workplace communication; v.2: External workplace communication. 2010. Choice Reviews Online, 50-6291. 18 The company maintains an efficient and continuous communication with the city inhabitants and its clients. It issues news releases to the local media with significant information on the city issues and services. The news releases are posted here at the exact time when they are passed to reports (Hamilton City Improvement Society, organized 2004, p.88). Persons interested in knowing more about Hamilton can contact the company’s communication officers. 22 Employees and clients are often invited to attend the Public meetings and consultation sessions. These are usually hosted in the city of Hamilton and comprise a many public consultations on a varied series of local and city-wide subjects (Hamilton City Improvement Society, organized 2004, p.88). The company values the publics view and hopes to get informative debates with inhabitants, companies, and other major stakeholders from allover of the City. 23 There are many forms of print communication, involve all forms of printed literature with relevant business information (Curtis 2009, p.11). They range from newsletters, microfiche, books, microfilm to periodicals. 24 Perrigot, R., Kacker, M., Basset, G., & Cliquet, G. (2012) Antecedents of Early Adoption and Use of Social Media Networks for Stakeholder Communications: Evidence from Franchising*. Journal of Small Business Management, 539-565. 36 Workplace communication for the 21st century: Tools and strategies that impact the bottom line: V.1: Internal workplace communication; v.2: External workplace communication. 2010. Choice Reviews Online, 50-6291. 36 When starting any business organization, it is crucial to assess the most relevant methods of managing information and knowledge requirements. It is also important to define the
Wednesday, August 7, 2019
Chabros International Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
Chabros International - Essay Example Dubai is on the decline mostly due to tough economic conditions. A closer analysis of the facts provided in the case study would suggest important management and strategic issues which firm needs to focus on. Two of the important management issues are mode of entry as well as the marketing strategy of the firm. When entering into international markets, firms have relatively diversified options to exercise. From exporting to the establishment of a Greenfield projects, firms can choose the right strategy based upon the overall situation and the resources available to the organization. However, in order to expand into any market, it is also critical to highlight and explore language and cultural differences as well as the institutional differences as these factors tend to have significant impact on the way a firm has to develop its marketing as well as HR strategy. The initial strategy adapted by the firm was to enter into joint ventures with the firms which were not located in the region. This therefore created strong cultural and interpersonal issues for partners who were not used to the overall culture and business norms of the region. As such the firm entered into the market without actually making an effort to understand the local dynamics and importance of having local partners. Since firm was entering into different markets for the first time it was therefore important for it to either start through the exporting or founding joint ventures with the local firms. However, the firm, actually opened wholly owned subsidiaries in those regions with 100% ownership therefore the necessary capital was tied up in establishing new facilities. Secondly, the firm focused on one market while continued to expand in other markets despite the fact that major chunk of its sales were coming from one single market i.e. Dubai. Rather than
Tuesday, August 6, 2019
Tort Law Essay Example for Free
Tort Law Essay After reviewing the facts, I would advise Jason, Penny and Fancy Fashions, Ltd. of their possible causes of action vis-à -vis the parties who may be held liable for damages for their negligence, namely, Alice, Joyce, the junior doctor, the nurse who administered the anti-tetanus serum, and Richard’s Teaching Hospital.            In particular, I would advise Jason to take legal action against Alice, the learner driver, for damages sustained by him as a result of the collision with her automobile. My advice is based upon the fact that Alice is liable for actionable negligence. Traditionally, the elements of a cause of action for negligence are: (1) a duty to use reasonable care; (2) a failure to conform to the required standard; (3) a reasonably close causal connection between the conduct and the resulting injury, commonly called â€Å"proximate cause†or â€Å"legal cause†; and (4) actual loss or damage to the aggrieved party (Prosser 1982).    Alice did not comply with her duty of seeing to it that her act of driving does not result in injury to another.   Knowing that she must be particularly careful at a road portion designated for people crossing, she should have slowed down.   Her not exercising reasonable care while driving is the proximate cause of the accident, which resulted in actual damage to Jason.            I would, however, caution Jason that the task of proving the negligence of Alice would not be easy or simple. The fact of the accident occurring having been proved, Jason would now have to show that Alice was negligent, and that such negligence is the proximate cause of his injury. To do this, he has to show that Alice fell short of the standard of care required, that is, she failed to do â€Å"what a reasonable, prudent person would do under the same or similar circumstances†(Prosser 1982).  Jason may argue that in determining negligence, the law makes no distinction as to whether or not the defendant is a learner driver or an experienced professional, that what is expected of Alice is that standard of care expected of a reasonable man  in order to prevent a foreseeable wrong.  A reasonably diligent person ought to be aware that pedestrian crossings are designated passageways for people and that it is a basic rule among motorists to exercise due care when approaching such crossings.  As every learner driver ought to know, one of the fundamentals of safe driving is to be always alert at pedestrian crossings; traffic signs are adequate warning to this effect.  Thus, a reasonably diligent driver should approach such crossing with caution by slowing down , his foot poised to hit the brake pedal if necessary. Judicial notice may be taken of the fact that braking is one of the first skills taught a learner driver.            In fine, Jason would have to satisfy the court: (2) that the negligence of Alice is the proximate cause of Jason’s injury, and (2) that there is no contributory negligence on his part.            Proximate cause has been defined as â€Å"that act or omission which immediately causes or fails to prevent the injury; an act or omission occurring or concurring with another which, if it had not happened, the injury would not have been inflicted.†(Tennessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin, Supreme Court of Tennessee, 1969).  In the instant case, the omission of care on the part of Alice as she approached the pedestrian crossing would have prevented the accident; thus her negligence is the proximate cause of it. Jury instructions in the state of Texas define proximate cause as â€Å"that cause which, in a natural and continuous sequence, unbroken by any new and independent cause, produces an event, and without which cause such event would not have occurred; and in order to have a proximate cause the act or omission complained of must be such that a person using ordinary care would have foreseen the event, or some similar event, which might reasonably result therefrom. There may be more than one proximate cause of an event.†(Prosser 1982).            Since contributory negligence either bars the victim from award of damages or reduces the amount thereof, the defendant would probably adduce evidence of contributory negligence on the part of Jason.   Alice may contend that Jason is solely to blame for the accident. He should have realized that in his drunk condition he is prone to danger from passing vehicles.     Alice would attempt to show that a drunk person may not invoke his state of intoxication to evade responsibility for his own negligence, and that Jason ought to have foreseen the possible consequences of his crossing the street while drunk.            In U.S. courts where the doctrine of contributory negligence is still in force resort has sometimes been made to the old common law doctrine of â€Å"last clear chance†: a plaintiff is allowed to recover damages upon showing that the defendant had the last clear chance to avoid the accident. Under this doctrine, the later negligence of the defendant makes him liable for negligence on the assumption â€Å"that he is the more culpable whose opportunity to avoid the injury was later.†(Kansas City Southern R. Co. v Ellzey (1927) However, the said doctrine is history for being manifestly â€Å"inequitable in its operation because it fails to distribute responsibility in proportion to fault.†(LI v Yellow Cab Co. of California Supreme Court of California, 1975).    In the United States, the last clear chance doctrine appears to have been modified or superseded by the theory of comparative or gross negligence or a combination of both, and the issue of determining the best principle to be applied in such cases is now being shifted to the legislative branch.            In the United Kingdom, contributory negligence is provided under statutory law.  A plaintiff who is found to be liable thereto may recover damages subject to a reduction to an extent to be determined by the Court.  As provided under Section 1(1) of the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act of 1954, in cases where contributory negligence occurs, â€Å"the damages recoverable in respect thereof shall be reduced to such extent as the Court thinks just and equitable having regard to the claimant’s share in the responsibility for the damage.† In view thereof, I would advise Jason that the damages to be awarded him in case of a favorable verdict shall be reduced as the Court shall see fit upon a finding of contributory negligence on his part.            Regarding the question of whether or not Jason’s act of walking in the pedestrian crossing while drunk constitutes contributory negligence, I submit that, yes,  it may possibly be so construed.  Alice may invoke the aforesaid statutory provision stating that contributory negligence occurs when there is a sharing of fault by both parties.  She may likewise cite the ruling in Froom v Butcher (1976), where the Court held that â€Å"negligence is a man’s carelessness in breach of duty to others. Contributory negligence is a man’s carelessness in looking after his own safety. He is guilty of contributory negligence if he ought reasonably to have foreseen that, if he did not act as a reasonable prudent man, he might be hurt himself.†   However, I maintain my position that Jason’s crossing the street â€Å"oblivious to all traffic†does not ipso facto show that he was aware of a foreseeable harm to himself.  A person crossing a street is not expected to be always on the lookout for learner drivers while doing so; they rely on the fact that any motorist is aware of its being a pedestrian crossing and should observe proper care when approaching and passing through it.  Every pedestrian or motorist always assumes that the other person behind the wheel knows what he is doing. Whether drunk or alert, one cannot possibly foresee that a particular motor vehicle is being driven by a negligent driver. In the case of O’Connel v Jackson (1972) (where an employee rode on a traxcavator against orders, thereby exposing himself to danger, and was crushed when another vehicle rammed into it), it was opined that â€Å"foreseeability is not the decisive test of causation. It is often a relevant factor, but it is not decisive.†  Inasmuch as foreseeability is not decisive, Jason may disprove contributory negligence by showing that he could not have foreseen being struck by a learner driver’s car as he crosses the street. I submit that Alice may not evade liability through negligence by showing that she could not have foreseen that a drunk person would ignore the flow of traffic.   If that reasoning were allowed,  a lame person, an unassisted child or elderly person, a blind man walking with a cane, or any person with disability who take the pedestrian crossing (and who are perfectly aware of the possibility, however remote, that they would be hit by an oncoming car) would also be liable for contributory negligence in the event of an accident.            Contributory negligence must be proven in court; it cannot be presumed. In a U.S. case, the plaintiff was injured by a passing train owned by the defendant who was then walking â€Å"on defendant’s right-of-way along a much-used path at the end of the crossties of its main track†and was hit by an open car door. The jury found that â€Å"plaintiff’s injuries were caused by his own negligence.†However, in a certiorari before the Circuit Court of Appeals, the appeals court held that â€Å"the evidence required a finding that plaintiff was guilty of negligence that contributed to cause his injuries.† Accordingly, judgment below was reversed. (Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938).   Thus, a very drunk person crossing a street cannot be presumed negligent; his contributory negligence must be proved to bar a claim for damages.            As regards the liability of the ambulance driver, I submit that both Jason and Penny as well as the owner of Fancy Fashions Ltd. have a possible cause of action against Joyce, the driver of the ambulance owing to his presumed negligence.    The fact that the accident occurred while he was in an emergency situation does not free him of responsibility. Citing several U.S. court decisions, Prosser (1982) noted: â€Å"It is obvious, and elementary, that the care required by the standard of the reasonable man will vary according to the risk. As the danger increases, the actor is required to exercise caution commensurate with it, and to be more careful.†He also took note of other decisions which insist that â€Å"there are no degrees of care but merely amounts of care, greater or less, that the care required of the actor is always the same under the traditional formula, that of a reasonable man under like circumstances; and that the greater danger, or the greater responsibility are merely circumstances that require of him a greater amount of care.†           In proving the negligence of Joyce, the crash of the ambulance driven by him into the shop of Fancy Fashions, Ltd. is a case where the maxim of res ipsa loquitor may be applicable.  A Tennessee court held: â€Å"Where a motor vehicle, without apparent cause, runs off the road and causes harm, the normal inference is that the driver was negligent, and res ipsa loquitor is usually held to apply†(Tenessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin (1969).  However, pursuant to the said doctrine, the running off the road of a vehicle may not be construed as negligence per se, but only gives rise to three different effects: â€Å"(1) It warrants an inference of negligence which the jury may draw or not, as their judgment dictates. (2) It raises a presumption of negligence which requires the jury to find negligence if defendant does not produce evidence sufficient to rebut the presumption. (3) It not only raises such a presumption but also shifts the ultimate burden of proof to defendant and requires him to prove by a preponderance of all the evidence that the injury was not caused by his negligence.†  If Joyce would be able to show that he did exercise reasonable care in driving the ambulance, and that there was an intervening cause (such as a third party that could have caused him to swerve off the road), the presumption of negligence arising from the maxim of res ipsa loquitor would be overcome.            The three plaintiffs may implead in their action the employer of the ambulance (St. Richard’s Teaching Hospital), being jointly liable for failing to exercise due diligence in the hiring of driver.   Under the principle of vicarious liability (respondeat superior), the employer is responsible for the negligence of his employee which results in injury to another.  Pursuant to this doctrine, â€Å"an employer will be liable for the negligence of an employee committed while the employee is acting in the scope of his employment. An employee acts in the scope of his employment when he is doing something in furtherance of the duties he owes to his employer . . .†(Lundberg v State Court of Appeals of New York, 1969).            With respect to the damage sustained by Jason arising possibly from the administering of antibiotics, I would advise Jason that he may have an actionable right against the junior doctor (and against the hospital for vicarious liability), provided that Jason would be able to produce expert testimony that the combination of alcohol and antibiotics, with or without the jolting caused by the ambulance crash, would have produced the injury, and regardless of whether or not the junior doctor consulted the surgeon.   I base my advise on the doctrine of informed consent which requires a physician to fully disclose to his patient the possible consequences of a given treatment.    In Scott v Bradford (1979), the Supreme Court of Oklahoma stated:                        the law does not permit a physician to substitute his judgment for that of the  patient by any form of artifice. Consent to medical treatment, to be  effective, should stem from an understanding decision based on adequate   information about the treatment, the available alternatives, and the collateral  risks. . . If a physician breaches this duty, patient’s consent is defective, and  physician is responsible for the consequences.            As in the case against Alice, I would advise Jason that the recovery of damages against the junior doctor would depend upon the findings of the trial court, i.e., a question of fact to be determined on the basis of the evidence.  Moreover, the defendant physician may contend that the doctrine of informed consent is not absolute; there are exceptions, such as when the information is already obvious or known, or in case of an emergency wherein the information might alarm the patient and aggravate his condition. The doctor might contend that since his primary duty is to do what is best for his patient who is unconscious anyway, he cannot be held liable for withholding information. As enunciated in Canterbury v Spence ( 1972), â€Å"the patient has the burden of going forward with evidence tending to establish prima facie the essential elements of the cause of action.  The burden of proving an exception to his duty and thus a privilege not to disclose, rests upon the physician as an affirmative defense.†           Under the first rule, the junior doctor may not be held liable solely on the ground that he did not consult the surgeon who performed the operation on Jason, his skill or competence being presumed.  But assuming it is proved that the jolting in the ambulance did not contribute to or cause the paralysis but only the antibiotics treatment,   the legal task of proving negligence on the part of the junior doctor would still be an uphill battle.  The defendant would enjoy the presumptions under the first and fourth rule: he is presumed competent, and is likewise presumed as not negligent.  On the other hand, Jason would have to prove that his administering antibiotics to Jason despite his being intoxicated with alcohol is contrary to or deviates from the standard of good medical practice in the community. In Boyce v Brown (1938), the issue was whether the taking of an x-ray of the plaintiff’s fractured ankle was considered standard practice (it was not).   Such question regarding standard practice may only be resolved by the testimony of experts in the medical field.  Thus, Jason and company must present affirmative evidence of negligence, such as the failure of the junior doctor to comply with the recognized or standard procedures in such cases, resulting in the injury.           As regards the nurse who administered the anti-tetanus injection, the above rules would likewise have to be applied. If it is considered standard procedure in hospitals or in the medical community to test a patient for allergy before being given a drug which may have fatal effects in case a patient is allergic thereto, her failure to observe or comply with the said standard resulting in injury to Penny, in addition to the other elements stated above, would make her presumptively liable for malpractice.  The nurse may contend in her defense that the allergy test is not standard or customary practice (if such is indeed the case), and that this rule (otherwise known as the locality rule) should not be applied anymore by the courts owing to the growing variance in the knowledge and skill of physicians throughout the country and the world.            If the evidence would warrant a finding of liability due to negligence on the part of the nurse, I would advise my client to implead the attending physician who had given the order to the nurse, as well as the hospital on the ground of respondeat superior.            Suppose Jason proves his case against Alice, a question arises as to what extent she would be liable for damages in view of the fact that the injuries suffered by Jason may have been aggravated by the ambulance crash. In such case, the damages shall be apportioned on the basis of the liability of the parties responsible for the first and the second accident. The Colorado Court of Appeals, deciding Bruckman v Pena (1971) cited â€Å"the general rule that one injured by the negligence of another is entitled to recover the damages proximately caused by the act of the tort-feasor, and the burden of proof is upon the plaintiff to establish that the damages he seeks were proximately caused by the negligence of the defendant.†           Subject to the above qualifications and views, Jason, Penny and Fancy Fashions Ltd. may file the appropriate action for damages which will be determined by the evidence presented in court. Such awards may include but are not limited to medical expenses, the loss of earnings as a result of injury or incapacity, and moral damages due to the pain and suffering caused by the defendants’ tortious acts or omissions.            Finally, I would advise Jason, Penny and Fancy Fashion, Ltd. that despite the wealth of jurisprudence on tort cases, there is no clear-cut approach to a particular case, and the outcome of the cases they would file in court would depend most entirely on the evidence they would present during trial, and how the trier of fact would evaluate them. REFERENCES Boyce v Brown (1938) 51 Ariz. 416, 77 P .2d 455 Bruckman v Pena (1971) 29 Colo. App. 357 Canterbury v Spence (1972) 150 US. App. D.C. 263, 464 F. 2d 772 Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins (1938) 304 U.S. 64 Froom v Butcher (1976) QB 286, 291 Kansas City Southern R. Co. v Ellzey (1927) 275 U.S. 236 Larson v St. Francis Hotel (1948) 83 Cal.App.2d 210 LI v Yellow Cab Co. of California (1975) Supreme Court of California Lundberg v State Court of Appeals of New York (1969) O’Connel v Jackson (1972) QB 270 Prosser, W. Wade, J. Schwartz, V. Cases and Materials on Torts (1982). 7th edition. New York, Foundation Press, Inc. Scott v Bradford (1979) 606 P.2d 554                                                                                  Tennessee Trailways, Inc. v Ervin (1969) 275 U.S. 236
Monday, August 5, 2019
The Reason For The Convenient Store Business Marketing Essay
The Reason For The Convenient Store Business Marketing Essay 1.0 Executive Summary The Commercial building is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, which is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. In the main road is being used by residents of citys south and south east in order to reach Muscat citys main center. While going to work, a person along for the ride could stop and buy a sandwich or soft/ cold drinks etc. Similarly on the way home, the same person along for the ride on main road, could come ABC Convenient Store and buy something like household items. 1.1 Shareholding Structure ABC Convenient Store is a registered Sole Proprietor. Its owned and managed by Mr. A. 1.2 Objectives The main objective of most of the small convenient stores in is to earn highest possible profit margins by selling quality products. Therefore ABC Convenient Store aims to provide highest possible quality products at competitive rates for the local residents of Muscat city particularly. In addition, ABC Convenient Store plans to offer movie rentals, non-food products and check cashing services in order to build and increase its revenues and hence profits. The other objectives of ABC Convenient Store are: One of ABC Convenient Stores main objectives would be to capture as much as possible share of the commuter traffic on the south east side of Muscat city. ABC Convenient Store will offer its customers better-quality products at an competitive price. Achieve at least 30% minimum gross profit margins (selling price less purchase/ wholesale cost) from beginning. Achieve a lucrative return on investment within five years. Achieve average growth in market share by 10% each year. Achieve average growth in revenue by 6% each year. 2.0 The Business Activity ABC Convenient Store is a new Startup convenient store business within Muscat city. Mr. A, the owner of ABC Convenient Store will occupy convenient store place in two units commercial building on rent, located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road. It is the main street all the way through city and is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. The building contains two units where mini restaurant is currently open and being successfully run by other individual. 3.0 Vision and Mission statement Mission:, ABC Convenient Store will make healthy profits margins for its owner and provide a satisfying work environment for its employees in near future. 3.1 Keys to Success The keys to success in this business are: Location: The location of convenience store plays a very important role in success of any store, and therefore is one of the main key factors for successfully running of convenience store. The location must be close to customers reach like where they work, live or on their normal route while returning and going to home/ work. As ABC Convenient Store is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, which is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. We feel that right location provides value to customer and convenience both. Speed of Service:Â As nowadays consumers are always short of time and wants quality with speed of service, therefore it is also one of the major keys to success factors for convenience store industry in todays environment particularly. Convenience and value are both achieved only when the potential customers can easily locate the items they want to buy, where in return they get fast friendly and efficient service. In short the store is easy to shop. Availability: Availability of products/ items is another key factor for success of any convenient store, as each customer have different taste and needs, hence they have their own favorite brand names that they want to purchase, which any good convenience store must carry in order to fulfill potential customers needs. On the other hand the Omani citizens particularly are brand conscious and want items with big brand names, where residents of other nationality living and working in Oman, are more price conscious. Therefore it is necessary that products/ items for both customers segment must be made available. 4.0 Government support and rules and regulations 5.0 The Reason for the Convenient Store business The living standards of the Omani citizen are growing day by day as Government of Oman has taken major steps within last 20 years to increase the living standards. Therefore as of the majority of Omani citizens are upper middle class who are brand conscious and willing to pay anything to buy product required. On the other hand the convenient store industry has been growing on daily basis as people are shifted towards convenient store due to convenience and shortage of time in todays world. According to Government stats and research the convenient store in Oman is growing constantly at a rate of over 110% over last ten years. 5.1 Industry Analysis Summary Porter five forces model has been used widely with the purpose of analyzing a particular industry with a view to determine the level of intensity in terms of attractiveness and competitiveness within industry. This model consist of forces which are very close to any company and that can affect its capability badly to generate profits for owners by serving its customers effectively. Porter five forces model uses the following: Threat of potential new entrants, bargaining power of buyers, bargaining power of suppliers, Threat of substitutes and Determinants of Rivalry among Existing Competitors, in order to analyze the nature of competitiveness in any industry. Determinants of Rivalry among Existing Competitors The rivalry among existing competitors in Oman in retail store industry is being considered as high, as firms are competing severely with other with a view to capture high customer market share. There are many giant convenience stores in retail industry particularly in Muscat, who has gained majority of market share, where on the other hand small convenient stores like ABC Convenient Store, are competing each other to capture the remaining market share, specifically of convenient stores surrounding area at least. Therefore they are trying new developments in marketing, introducing new promotions, creativity of innovative ideas, which has led small stores achieved their target level of market share. Hence competitive rivalry in Omans retail industry is considered a high threat for existing convenient stores. Threat of potential new entrants Threat of new entrants into the retail industry within Muscat, Oman is medium, as there are very less product differences between products provided by convenient stores; furthermore cost to enter the market is relatively low. It is further assumed that convenient store items/products are easily purchased at wholesale prices or discounts at bulk purchases. By analyzing all factors including high growth in trends for Oman retail industry exclusively, further barriers to entry are relatively very low compared to other industries; therefore it can be take for granted that ABC Convenient Store may face further competition with new entrants. Threat of substitutes There are only few substitutes available for convenient store items which do not entirely replace the use of existing products by customers but may bring in new innovative ideas to develop new products or reduce the direct costs in producing the same products. In particularly the substitutes of any products may limit the level of generation of revenues and hence profits, in an industry by keeping the profit margins down. However, the greater the convenient stores could create uniqueness for their products the greater the likelihood of success. Likewise already discussed the availability of products, customer service and location of the convenient stores would be the key factors, which could not only create sustainable competitive advantage but could add significant value in overall earnings of the ABC Convenient Store. Therefore threat of substitutes is considered as low in retail/ convenient store industry. Bargaining power of suppliers The power of suppliers for small convenient stores like ABC Convenient Store can be prejudiced by key players in supermarkets and grocery chain stores. Because they are being able to negotiate better discounted and promotional prices compared to small convenient stores from suppliers/ manufacturers, which small convenient stores are unable to match due to high purchasing prices of same products. Therefore there is major threat as giant players always dictate the prices and purchase large amount of quantity at once, where small convenient stores are left with fewer products at high prices. Hence it is being analyzed the bargaining power of suppliers is high particularly for small convenient stores. Bargaining power of buyers Nowadays customers are aware of everything and they have more choices to buy from, therefore customers acts are considered as powerful force in making prices down. If any product is expensive in any store than they can go and purchase the required products from other convenient store providing lesser or discounted prices. In addition because product is a type of commodity item and consumers have no choice but to continue consumption, therefore we can see high growth in small convenient store if and only prices are matched with giant players in the industry. On the other hand, location and varieties of products provided may reduce this bargaining power. In addition the overall environment, customer service and location of the ABC Convenient Store would attract the customers. We can assume that large number of small convenient stores will be providing similar products and services as ABC Convenient Stores. Due to these reasons the overall industry looks more attractive and profitable. 6.0 Market Size and Growth According to our research, the main customers are males and females, ages 15 to 40. In addition, according to recent trends in Oman, many small and large stores are trying to capture market share of persons with age of more than 40, particularly females. We are expecting that by providing better customer services, we would be able to increase the number of customers of aged over 40. 7.0 The Choice of Location with reasons thereof ABC Convenient Store is a new Startup convenient store business within Muscat city. The commercial building has convenient store for rent out. It is located 5 miles south of the city of Muscat and 2 minute walk distance by citys main road, and is the main street all the way through city and is used by thousands of commuters on daily basis between to the middle of city or just taking a shortcut to south of city. Therefore its the best location for convenient store. The total area of convenience store is around 500 sq feet, where majority of the portion will be used for shelves. 8.0 Proposed Customers 9.0 Competitor Analysis The ABC Convenient Store may face little competition from other small and large convenient stores. Furthermore the main competition that ABC Convenient Store may face is from large enterprises that have established convenience stores within fuel stations. But we are expecting that our location will create competitive advantage which shall tackle the competition may face by ABC Convenient Store in near future. 10.0 Buying Patterns and Sales Strategy The convenience stores are generally small retail outlets with area of 500 to 2000 sq feet. The products or items normally sold at convenience store are: over the counter medicines, household groceries, soft drinks, cold drinks, some non food items, cigarettes, and dairy products. The convenience stores are mostly located on busy main roads and are regularly open 24 hours a day seven days a week. As name suggests, they not only sell products or items but also convenience to customers. ABC Convenient Store will aim to provide typical items of convenience store at a competitive price, so that items that customers purchase shall urge to visit again, which will increase the average sale per customer. The main focus of sales staff will be on customer service and always inquire clients if they have been able to locate and found the whole thing that they need. In case, they have not found they need, then these particular items shall be made available in stocks upon request by customers. 11.0 Strategy and Implementation Summary ABC Convenient Store will be using a strategy of impressive customer service. Where, companys initial emphasis would be to build same reputation as before, so that potential customers within town are targeted comfortably. The ABC Convenient Stores main competitive edge will be its prominent location, as it is conveniently located on the corner of where everyone must pass in order to leave and return home, it also allows the local community to walk or ride a bike to the convenient store. ABC Convenient Store intends to stock the shelves with items local residents need and want, with items ranging from milk to over the counter medicines and everything in between. If customers have requests for items not in stock then ABC Convenient Store will stock them. 11.1 Self Analysis 12.0 Competitive Advantage The competitive advantages, which ABC Convenient Store will have over its main competitors within Muscat, are: ABC Convenient Stores main competitive advantage is its position and its location as in front of Main Street. ABC Convenient Store is located on the corner of where everyone must pass in order to leave and return home. Currently there are no other stores within this location. Due to these facts, local residents will naturally choose ABC Convenient Store as their primary choice, because of the fact that it would be closest to their homes. They will promptly become aware that ABC Convenient Store offers high quality organic and healthy products at a typical convenience store prices; In addition it will become local residents number one store for small household grocery items and other household purchases. While returning home from offices the commuter will now be able to buy their household groceries to take home. We expect that due to our quick service, commuters will soon regard ABC Convenient Store as helpful time saver convenience store. 13.0 Selling Arrangement and Marketing Strategies The products or items normally sold at convenience store are: over the counter medicines, household groceries, soft drinks, cold drinks, some non food items, cigarettes, and dairy products. The convenience stores are mostly located on busy main roads and are often open 24 hours a day seven days a week. Our main emphasis would be to fulfill customer needs therefore we will ask customer every time if they have been able to locate items easily and have found they looking for. The city is in great need of change and this is the perfect opportunity to bring about that change. In years to come ABC Convenient Store will be known in the community as more than just another neighborhood business, this will bring the community together giving locals annual block parties and rewarding the kids when they bring report cards and honor certificates with free candy etc. The convenient location of the ABC Convenient Store will mean that ABC Convenient Store will have to carry out little bit above the line up advertising, but ABC Convenient Store will distribute flyers within surrounding areas on monthly basis so that local residents are made aware of ABC Convenient Store. 14.0 Products and Pricing Strategy The ABC Convenient Store will provide typical items found in any convenience store; however, items will be higher end than many convenience stores. ABC Convenient Store will offer a product range from over the counter medicines to cigarettes and everything thats sold in a convenient store. The products will be same as traditional convenience store items in the same quantity, quality and packaging sizes as other convenient stores provide. Some of the products include: soft drinks, cold drinks, fruit juices, household grocery items, newspapers, magazines, hot and cold snacks, bread, auto products like fuel addictives plus cleaning materials for autos, condiments, tooth pastes, over the counter medicines and paper products etc. ABC Convenient Store will price little increase over competitors but most of the products prices will be matched to the most giant convenient stores within Muscat. On the other hand top selling brands will be sold at a discounted price even lower than most of competitors prices, so that ABC Convenient Store can create competitive advantage over its direct competitors and be able to sustain in coming years to come. 15.0 Various sources of finance available and the source selected The company will need around RO 23,000, total initial requirements for capital expenditures. The Funding sources for ABC Convenient Store will be mainly from the shareholders investments. The only shareholder, Mr. A will contribute full amount of RO 23,000. The total initial capital requirements will be around RO 6,100 which includes Computer for cash counter and point of sale software with scanner and receipt printer at a price of RO 400 Shelves will be placed in major portion of convenient store for placing displaying of different types of convenient store items/ products, so that potential customers would be able to locate these convenient items comfortable. In addition price tag and banners would be displayed for each type to items. The shelves would cost around RO 2,200 in total. Other convenient stores equipments includes banners, price tags, chairs, ice machines, beverage equipments, ice cream equipments, Microwave oven, safes, Air Conditioners, exhausts etc. This will cost around RO 3,200. Cash counter setup would include counter desk, chairs etc. This would cost around RO 300. Legal expenses would include business and sole proprietorship license, and license to start convenient store business and other legal fees necessary. This would cost around RO 500. Initial marketing expenses would be around RO 900 for banners, distribution of flyers, printing of business cards, purchase of printing papers for receipts, printing of cover letter etc. However we have very tight marketing budget initially but as business starts to grow the marketing budget would be significantly increased as well. The convenient store will be obtained on monthly rent of RO 500. The initial inventory would be of around RO 15,000, which includes all major convenient stores items like: soft drinks, cold drinks, fruit juices, household grocery items, newspapers, magazines, hot and cold snacks, bread, auto products like fuel addictives plus cleaning materials for autos, condiments, tooth pastes, over the counter medicines and paper products etc. This number of items initially will be less; however as business starts to grow the number of each particular item or products would be increase significantly in order to meet customer demands. Furthermore, special requests from customers will also be fulfilled believing on the fact that ABC Convenient Store needs to meet every customers demands by making each types of brands names products or items available at the door of ABC Convenient Store. The break-up of startup requirements is shown in the table below: Table 1: Start-up 16.0 Key People and Job Functions ABC Convenient Store is a registered Sole Proprietor. Its owned and managed by Mr. A. The owner will engage employees to help run their convenient store. A business Full time Manager will be hired. He will be overseeing the operations at the store like supervising the staff, dealing with various suppliers, performing managerial jobs and developing marketing plans. Furthermore, administration and financial aspects will be managed by the owner, Mr. A himself. 17.0 Financial Plan The Financial Plan consists of Breakeven Analysis, Pro-forma Profit and Loss, Cash Flow Projections and Pro-forma Balance Sheet. 17.1 Important Assumptions 17.3 Break-even Analysis Table 3: Break-even Analysis 17.4 Projected Profit and Loss The Pro-forma Profit and Loss shows that, ABC Convenient Storewill be able to meet Net profit margin in excess of 20% throughout five years of operation. Table 4: Profit and Loss
Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System Engineering Essay
Using Pneumatic And Hydraulic System Engineering Essay Automation is the integration of mechanical, computer electronic based activities the control of manufacturing processes in the field of production. Different techniques of automation are carried using pneumatic, hydraulic system, cam follower computer system. In this project of automation of burr cleaning process, I have selected and implemented the pneumatic technique of automation. For automation, I have designed manufactured air blowing machine, which is operated with the help of pneumatic system controlled by PLC. In this mechanism the DLL nozzle is run over the guide way clamp by pneumatic cylinder. Then the air pressure of 5 bars is supplied to the tip of nozzle through jet which cleans the burr form nozzle ball end. I assembled air blowing machine with pneumatic cylinders for clamping, unclamping, supporting individualizing purpose, proximity sensor other necessary components. In this automation of air blowing machine I studied different types of machining processes, pneumatic system, and PLC system. After automation of air blowing machine the working stress on operator is reduced the production rate is substantially increased with improvement in quality of burr cleaning process. Chapter 1 : Introduction This project identifies and describes the automation process used to clean and deburr the nozzle which is present in fuel injection system, through the working of Air blowing machine. Air blowing machine uses different concepts of automation such as pneumatic, hydraulics, cam-follower etc. The main function of this machine is to control manufacturing process in production. 1.1.Background Nozzle is one of the vital component in any fuel injection system which is attached to the nozzle holder. It is integral and important part of an injector which regulates the flow of fuel to the ultimate ignition compartment.. According to Sean Bennet all Diesel engines (DI) are directly injected. The fuel is injected into the cylinder immediately above the piston. Atomization is necessary for the injected fuel. Atomization of the fuel requires breaking it up into very small liquid droplets. These droplets are produced by forcing very high high-pressure fuel through minutely sized orifices or holes. The smaller the droplets, the faster it will vaporize and ignite when it is propelled into the engine cylinder. The size of droplets that exits the injector depends on following factors : Size of Orifice: The diameter of the orifice determines the size and flow of in the system. It does not change after it has been manufactured. Pressure :Injection pumps manages the pressure in nozzles. The higher the pressure, the smaller the droplets exiting the nozzle. The means to inject the fuel into the cylinder is an injector nozzle. Injector are further subdivided in two types with respect of an electronically controlled pump and injector components : Multiple-orifice hydraulics nozzles. Electrohydraulic nozzles. Injector nozzles are mostly used in diesel engines, marine engines, locomotives and automobile industrial equipments .The main function of nozzle is to convert the diesel into diesel vapours and spray it on the piston. Injector nozzles are widely used in American tanks. Figure 1.1 External view of injector/orifii nozzle (Courtesy of Robert Bosch GmbH,www.bosch-presse.de) The main users of nozzles are Nissan, Mitsubishi while Bosch is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles .Manufacturing process of this nozzle is carried through several operations after case hardening. These operations are drilling, grinding and pinning of the orifice. After the compete process of pinning, it is found that some metal particles and burr is remained at the orfii. In order to eliminate this particle nozzle testing machine is required to test the nozzle. 1.2 Issue : Air blowing operation is carried by an operator with the help of cylinder or jet directly attached to compressed air supply. To serve this purpose operator clamps the whole tray full of nozzles and then he reverse it. This gives more fatigue and stress to the operator because of its heavy weight. Then jet is placed on the ball end of nozzle and part gets clean. One part is been cleaned at a time. Furthermore, since inside of the nozzle body function as passage to the fuel ,if any chip or burr generated in cutting process remain on the nozzle body, it enters into the contact surface of the valve element and causes malfunction and fuel spillage of the valve element, which result into the loss of product reliability. The aim of the task is to make air blowing operation which is done after pinning to remove burr present inside the nozzle automatic and reliable, so the stress on operator is reduced with control manufacturing system. 1.3. Objectives : The main objectives of the project are stated as follows: To study and implement the pneumatic technique of automation for the successful working of the machine. To design and develop Air blowing machine which will be used in manufacturing and cleaning process of nozzle present in the fuel injection system. After the Research of Diesel Engine from Books and internet it is found that nozzle is one of the important part in fuel injection system. Nozzle development led to study the manufacturing processes of nozzle. Bosch company are the leading producers and patent of the diesel engine stated by Rudolf Diesel. In the general manufacturing process of nozzle after the case hardening, drilling, ball-grinding and pinning are important operation for the processing of the nozzle. However it is found out that during this operation burr or free metal particle gets collected inside the nozzle body. Introduction of Air blowing machine : To remove this burr or free metal particle Air blowing machine is introduced for the improved performance of the nozzle. Draft Design and 3d model: In order to build a successful Air blowing machine, design is very important to generate the safe and working model. Selection of materials, shape, parameters is the important factors to develop a 3D model of machine. Softwares like solid works, CES and some hand calculation is useful for the correct and accurate 3D draft design. Analysis and Results : After the complete design process of the machine the next and important stage is the mechatronic analysis. Pneuamatic and Electronics (PLC circuit ) techniques are used for the successful and automatic working of the machine. If these techniques are successful then go to the next stage or else go back and recheck the 3D model again. After the analysis, results indicates the final consequence for the actions of the work. Validation of results gives the reality check of the project. If the validation is true then follow the next stage and conclude the project with the useful recommendations. Chapter three : Literature Review 3.1 Patent and Research : Bosch group is one of the leading manufacturers of these nozzles and equipment for motor vehicle. In early as 1863, the Frenchman Etienne Lenoir had tested and driven a vehicle which was powered by a gas engine which he had developed. However, this vehicle proved insufficient for installing in and driving. It was not until Nikolaus August Ottos four-stroke engine with magneto ignition that operation with liquid fuel and thereby mobile application were made possible. But the efficiency of these engines was low. Rudolf Diesel then developed an engine with much higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through higher efficiency and to pursue his idea through manufacturing. In 1897, in cooperation with Machinenfabrik Augsburg-Nurnberg ,Rudol Diesel built the first working prototype of a combustion engine to be run on inexpensive fuel oil. However due to heavy weight of the engine, it wasw not considered for use in land vehicle. But with further improvements in fuel injecton and mixture formation, Diesels innovation caught on and there were no longer any viable alternatives for marine and fixed-installation engines.(Adopted from Robert Bosch Gmbh, DIESEL-Engine Management by Wiley 4t edition et al 2005) In 1886,Robert Bosch (1861-1942), introduced a workshop for electrical and mechanical engineers in Stuttgart, Germany. Later on in 1897 Bosch opened ignition system in gasoline engines. In 1922,Robert Bosch turned his attention to diesel engine and hence started manufacturing accessory parts such as nozzles and fuel injection pumps. Rudolf diesel wanted to inject the fuel directly earlier in the system, but was unable to do this because of unavailability of the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps. In contrary these pumps were used in compressed-air injection, had to be suitable for back pressure reactions of up to several different atmospheres. Nozzles had to have quite fine outlet openings because the task fell upon the pump and nozzle is increased to atomize the fuel. Hence in 1922 Bosch wanted to develop the nozzles and fuel-injection pumps that fulfils the requirement of all the heavy-oil low power engines with direct fuel injection. 3.2 Development of the system : The demand of fuel injection equipment on such that it should be a capable of injecting even small amounts of fuel with only quite small differences, so that it should facilitate more smoother and constant at low idle speeds. The performance of this system depends highly on injection pressure which should be average or above 100 bar. The operating hours of the pump was over 2000 according to Bosch. Hence the need to develop the related equipments had grown immensely with application of materials and production engineering. In 1925, Bosch joined hands with Acro AG to utilize the Acro patents on a diesel engine system with related injected equipments(nozzle). Acro injection properties did not matched, Boschs own test system but it offered diesel engine which was suitable for small cylinder units and high speeds and this led Bosch to develop nozzle and fuel injection pump. Sooner the first diesel fuel-injection pump by Bosch was produced Nozzle were developed parallel to pump development. Hole type nozzle were added later after the introduction of pintle nozzle. The nozzle were adapted with their process and size. Engineering manufacturers also wanted a nozzle which could be used in spark plug on a gasoline engine. 3.3 Expert View : 3.4 Scope of improvement: Diesel fuel injection has greater degree of features in world of technology. The needle valve in fuel injection system opens and close nozzle more than million times in the service life of nozzle. It generates and provides pressure as high as 2,050 bar and depends on stresses such as: Temperature and pressure of the combustion chamber . Shock caused by continuous opening and closing. High flow related stresses during fuel injection. Below are the features of the nozzle and its processes: Injection duration is 1-2 milliseconds which is higher compare to sound wave from loudspeaker . Pressure in the fuel-injection chamber is more than 2,050 bar and it operates efficiently at such a high pressure. Injection duration in vehicle varies from very low range to high range,hence the amount of fuel is forced at very high velocity through a very small opening. The clearance of valve needle is 0.002 mm which is very minimal. Hence high technology demands an enormous amount of expertise in development, materials and manufacturing techniques. 3.2 Current stage : Processes on nozzle : During the manufacturing process when part is about to go through final processses,case hardeniing is done on it. After case hardening, part goes through two operation as folllows : Drilling of the Orifice Ball Grinding at ball end from outer surface. When nozzle comes out for drilling, it is first hardened. Then the orifice is drilled at the ball end. According to the requirement the number of orifice varies from 3-8.The diameter of orifice is within 0.3-0.4 mm.DLL nozzles are further classified in many types with number of orifice. Fig1.2:Orifice drilled at ball end Then the part is brought to grinding station, where part goes through outer grinding at the ball end. Fig 1. Grinding at ball end after drilling A metal burr is remained at the entrance of the orifice due to the grinding. This metal burr reduces the performance of the nozzle. Hence it is necessary to remove this burr .To serve this burr, pinning operation is done on nozzle so that burr gets removed. Fig:1.4 Metal burr remain at ball end due to grinding Pinning :- Pinning is the operation in which a needle having comparatively smaller diameter than orifice is attached to the small motor having speed of 300 rpm.This needle is then inserted in the orifice.Due to this the burr is removed and gets collected inside the nozzle at the ball end. These free metal particles reduces the performance of nozzle or can damage the nozzle inside the body.Its not an easy task to remove this free metal particle.An air pressure of 5-10 bar is blown inside the nozzle from ball end to come out from other end of the nozzle as shown in below figure Fig 1.5 Air blowing through orifice to remove free metal particle Chapter 4 : Design Introduction of Air Blowing Machine Fig: Air Blowing Machine 4.1 Introduction of Air Blowing Machine It is the machine used to remove the free metal particles present inside the nozzle body. The main function of this machine is to remove this free metal. To remove this metal air is been blown inside the nozzle at 5bar pressure. Pneumatic circuit is attached to the machine and it is controlled by PLC. Hence it is based on mechatronics. Mechatronics is the branch of engineering which is defined as the combination of mechanical and electronics engineering to improve quality, productivity and effective utilization of energy. Pneumatics deals with usage of compressed air to create motion and hence can be utilised for doing useful work. Certain characteristics of compressed air have made this medium suitable for the use in modern manufacturing and production plants. Introduction of pneumatics in the manufacturing process benefited with cheaper medium of industrial automation which if judiciously used, may bring down the cost of production to much lower level. Many mechanical task that came across can be achieved pneumatically in nozzle manufacturing process. 4.2 Material Selection of Materials : Material should be softer than Nozzle material. The optimum material is Mild Steel according to CES software Properties of mild steel (C3O) : Carbon percentage = 0.3% Modulus of Elasticity= 2.06105 N/mm ² Modulus of Rigidity = 0.79105 N/mm ² Poissons Ratio = 0.3 Tensile Strength = 600 to 750 N/mm ² Yield Strength = 400 N/mm ² Izod Impact Value = 55Nm Density = 7.7810 4.3 Hand -Calculation for Design : Angle of Inclination for the Guide way : Fig : Forces on Nozzle Data Found : Mass of nozzle = 200gm Co-efficient of friction = 8 % Weight (w) = 0.20 9.81 = 1.962 N Let, R= Reaction force. ÃŽ ¨ = Angle of contact Addition of forces in horizontal direction is zero. Hence, ÃŽ £Fx = 0 R = w cos ÃŽ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Addition of forces in vertical direction is also zero. Hence, ÃŽ £Fy = 0 ÃŽ ¼R = w sin ÃŽ ¨Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦2 Now by dividing equation 2 by 1 we get, ÃŽ ¼ = tan ÃŽ ¨ 0.08 = tan ÃŽ ¨ ÃŽ ¨ = 4.573ËÅ ¡ Therefore, ÃŽ ¨ = 5ËÅ ¡ To find reaction, From equation 1, R = w cos ÃŽ ¨ R = 1.962 cos (5) R = 1.9543 Factor of safety for design : Design of Cylinder holder : 1 Fig : Cylinder holder for cylinder Air pressure = 5 bar Force by the cylinder = 245 N†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.(Reference solid works ) Hence, Bending moment = Force x Displacement = 245 x 36 = 8820 N-mm Static load through stress, Volume of the holder = 4042 x15 +15 x15 x71 x40 = 67.8 x 10 ³ mm ³ Mass = Density x Volume = 7.78 x10-6 x 67.8 x 10 ³ = 0.5278 Kg Weight (P1) = mass x gravitational acceleration = 0.5278 x 9.81 = 5.1746 N Total weight (P) = Wt. of element + Wt. of cylinder = 5.1746 + 0.59.81 = 10.0746 N Stresses at the joint (ÃÆ') = P à · A = 10.0746 à · 6515 = 10.338 10-3 N/mm ² Extension in the element (ÃÆ'st) = (ÃÆ' à · E) x L = (10.33810-3 à · 2.06x 105) x 35 = 1.756 x 10-6 mm Maximum Impact load acting on the bolt (Pmax) = P {1+√ [(2 h) à · ÃÆ'st ] } = 10.0746 {1+ √ [(2 x 50) à · 1.756 x 10-6]} = 76.06 x 10 ³N Stress produce due to Impact load (ÃÆ'p) =√ [(2 E P h) à · (AL)] = √ [(2x 2.06x 105 x (10.1746+245) x 50) à · (6515 x 35)] = 392.47 N/mm ² 392.47 N/mm ² < 600 N/mm Stress produce due to impact load less than 600 N/mm hence design is safe.
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