The Ethics of Human Resources

Ethics in business may involved everything including hiring decisions, pricing decisions, strategic decisions, and so on. The need for a process for making ethical decisions in business is great. There are a large number of instances where ethical decisions are necessary in business operations, and corporations find that they can get themselves into trouble even when they are trying to be ethical if they do not have a strong and effective procedural structure to guide employees in making such decisions. The Human Resources department must operate with ethical standards that are clear and that address the kinds of issues this department will face. The HR professional handles more than hiring and firing of employees, also being responsible in some degree for orientation, training, union negotiations, decisions regarding compensation, special programs for addressing workplace problems, and so on. All of these tasks must be infused with an ethical structure that helps HR professionals make good decisions. Hallier and Leopold (1996) note the nature of defining the problem of characterizing the personnel function by pointing out that the terminology is â€Å"ambiguous, contradictory and controversial† (p. 46) and yet as a discipline on which a good deal is placed: At its most ambitious, however, HRM has been seen and promoted as a set of beliefs and practices which are radically different from those of traditional personnel management. Most significantly, the management of the workforce is seen as central, if not the key, to competitive advantage (Hallier & Leopold, 1996, p. 46). To a degree, the distinction made between personnel and HRM is only a matter of terminology, yet more respect is accorded HRM than the personnel function in the literature. Human Resource Managers will have to respond to a number of demographic changes in coming years, each requiring some special consideration, including older workers, minority groups, and single and childless couples. Managers will have some guidance in these areas from legislation passed to cope with the changes and to both protect workers and define the rights of business to make certain decisions. The breadth of issues facing HR professionals is indicated by Lachnit (2002) when she writes, How does your company treat employees when they bring management bad news or unpopular opinions? Are your organization's core values real, or are they just pretty words to be inscribed on corporate trinkets (para. 5). There is no doubt that the relationship between the worker and the average company has been changing for some time, with less job security and more flexibility for the company. This has created particular problems in the public eye, notably a perception that older workers are not being treated fairly (as one analyst notes, â€Å"Age discrimination is the most frequent type of discrimination complaint; it is not only unlawful, it is bad business† [Age discrimination in the workplace, 2005]) or that minorities may not be given sufficient opportunity if affirmative action programs are outlawed in the future. Managers may have to develop more creative ways to achieve diversity and to incorporate demographic changes into their thinking, but they first have to recognize the scope of the problem and the need for creative solutions. Human resource development (HRD) has three important components–training, education, and development. When the three are properly coordinated, HRD has a positive effect on worker productivity and so on the productivity of the company. Training improves the performance of workers and so increases their motivation, and as they work harder and produce more, the company profits. HRD is also dedicated to seeing to it that skills do not become obsolescent. Employees may have their skills upgraded through added training and education, and this benefits them in terms of promotion. Workplace diversity is another issue that will remain important. A recent survey among members of the International Association of Business Communicators found that diversity was one of the most critical challenges faced by these communicators (Geddie, 1999, pp. 27-30). These professionals found that cultural and language diversity can pose significant barriers to effective communication, but there are other factors which can be equally daunting. In addition to cultural and language diversity, the American workplace is increasingly made up of individuals with varying degrees of technical competence as well as educational backgrounds. Mergers can bring together employees from different corporate cultures as well, and overcoming differences in corporate cultures can sometimes be as difficult as overcoming differences in national origin. Translators can address the differences between languages and culture, but cannot help a company when it merges with another organization and needs to synthesize a new corporate culture. In these situations, the best approach is to develop a corporate communication strategy which should be in accordance with the company's overall strategic goals and objectives (Geddie, 1999, p. 38). Diversity training also needs to take into account the various levels of the organization. It is common, for example, for companies to provide diversity training at the low and mid? levels of an organization, but to ignore the executive level. Despite the gains which have been made by minorities and women, the executive level in many companies remains largely white male, and there is sometimes the belief that diversity training and effective interpersonal communication training is not needed at these levels (Flynn, 1999, p. 52). Leadership is required throughout organizations, but it is necessary in the HR department as these changes are implemented in order to assure that the changeover is smooth, that needs are met, that laws and regulations are fulfilled, that workers are satisfied and motivated, and that the needs of both workers and employers are met to the degree possible. The HR professional has a role in this process. The Human Resources professional has to understand human behavior and is also involved in shaping that behavior, and this is why Human Resources can be called a behavioral science. The HR professional has to be capable in several areas of human behavior, including communication and motivation Warnick (1993) discusses the importance of communication for the Human Resources professional, which he says is the single most difficult profession in the business world today. In part, he says this because of the communication requirements placed on the professional. He states that employees expect the professional to take up their cause and resolve issues in their favor; line executives expect him or her to take care of â€Å"people problems† no matter what the cause; and top management expects him or her to keep the company out of legal problems and to maintain high employee morale. The HR professional must advise management on a variety of issues but especially in areas that concern laws or guidelines involving employee rights. The need to keep the company out of legal problems begins with the HR professional's job of advising and counseling employees to ensure that they do not feel the need to appeal to any of the many government agencies that now exist to provide redress. In these two roles, however, there is a potential for disaster because they are conflicting roles. The model for civil law in the U. S. is adversarial, and this is true in labor law as well. Warnick asks how it is possible for the HR professional to advise management and still maintain confidence in management's possible legal position while at the same time advising employees about what's in their best interest? The professional who gives too much weight to either side will lose the confidence of the other. The HR professional is a communication facilitator who is management's spokesperson and the employees' advocate. He or she is expected to play a peacemaker role. Communication between management and employees is the responsibility of human resources. When management decides that a change is needed, Human Resources announces, explains, and justifies the change. Human resources also takes the concerns of employees and employee issues to management for consideration, review, and possible redress. Employees expect human resources to serve as their advocate and to plead their cause to management.

A Proposed Faculty Performance Evaluation System for University of the Visayas-Dalaguete

Problem StatementThe Faculty Performance Evaluation System will seek to answer what enhancement and design the school can adopt for a more effective and efficient automated System. Our project will provide the benefits and help the school to collect the feedback from the students and provide security and privacy respectively.Specifically, it endeavors to answer the following questions:1. Why is there a need to replace the manual system with an automated one?2. What will be the benefits of having the automated faculty performance evaluation system in the University of the Visayas – Dalaguete?3. How can automated faculty performance evaluation system help the school?4. How can we provide security to our system?ED: What are the first steps that SIG schools and districts should take when re-thinking their teacher evaluation systems? CD: First, there needs to be an intense dialogue with faculty members about what constitutes good teaching. They need to develop a shared understandin g of what is good practice. They can do a book study that defines good teaching in a coherent way, what it looks like, and what counts as evidence of good teaching. I've worked on a framework for effective teaching. The big idea that underlines this framework is that students learn from high levels of student intellectual engagement.There’s a ton of research on that, but it’s hard to do because in general, students aren’t taught that way. The challenge is to get people to understand how to engage students in learning. Second, there needs to be an effort to create a culture in the school around continued learning and professional inquiry. You’re not done learning when you start teaching. Teaching is enormously complex work that people work to master over their entire careers. No one should act like it’s easy because it’s not. Then, teachers can move to on the ground work with students.They can analyze student work for levels of student engage ment. If they have money to spend, they can get equipment to videotape themselves teaching to use for self-reflection. It’s a powerful technology because teachers can watch their own lesson, observe other teachers, share their practice, and engage in dialogue. ED: Are there specific challenges in implementing a thoughtful evaluation system in low-performing schools? CD: Not really. It’s the same challenge, just harder. One of the problems in low-performing schools is that teacher turnaround is higher, which means they could have more novice teachers.Beginning teachers, because they are inexperienced, need more intensive supervision and coaching than do their more experienced colleagues. It's essential that both the teacher and the district ascertain whether they are a good match. On the flip side, of course, new teachers frequently come with a lot of energy and enthusiasm for the work, and that can make a real contribution to a school. But the higher level of supervisi on by a principal takes time, and that's one of the issues with any evaluation system – finding the time to do it well.I don't think it's helpful or harmful. It's just the nature of it. There’s also the school culture element. Let’s say you’re my principal and a typical observation is one where you come in, observe my lesson, write it down, and tell me what I did wrong or right. I, as a teacher, have done nothing. If the school culture is one of inspection, then all I would want to do is to â€Å"get through† the evaluation. I’m not going to try anything interesting in my class while you’re there. That typical process of where my role as a teacher is passive. There’s no learning for me as a teacher.Creating a different type of culture is a leadership challenge. For the new teachers not to be performing at the same level as experienced teachers – that’s natural. The culture should be one where professional growth a nd learning are understood to be part of everyone’s job forever, and learning is not a sign of deficiency. To have an effective teacher evaluation system, you need good, trained evaluators and more time from teachers and administrators to discuss performance and improve teaching and learning. ED: What about the problem of resources, especially in times of budget cuts?How do schools and districts keep their commitment to this type of a teacher evaluation system? CD: I don’t think it’s a resource problem. It’s a prioritization problem and also a training issue for evaluators. When a teacher or union activist says that principals don’t know what they are doing when they’re evaluating teachers, they are usually right! One of the things I’m working on is an actual evaluator certification program. The need for credentialing evaluators has been written into state law in a few places including Illinois and New York.

Food Is More Than What We Eat Essay

The food we consume everyday has more to it than a source of fuel and part of our human essentials. Though we may not realise, food plays a part of many people’s culture, religion and even employment, where food plays a significant role in their everyday lives. Today, food serves a fairly major role in our society. Due to globalisation and other global factors, there has now been a mix and harmonious diversity in cultures around the world and food is one of the main evidence of that. This can just be seen by walking to your local stores where there are at least two or more food stores/ restaurants from different cultures. This is particularly evident in Australia, as immigrants from across the globe bring with them to Australia their cultures, beliefs and lifestyles to their new homes- with food being one of them. Many of these different cultures are now welcomed, accepted and shared, which provides employment for many people. This is not only evident in the Western continents, but many other Asian countries, where you would see many restaurants, snacks stores and street stores. Food is also used to distinguish the ‘classes of certain groups and/or areas. For example, in the city where there are more higher classed people, majority of the restaurants and cuisines tend to be a lot more expensive than those in the outer suburban areas. The functions of food in cultures vary between cultures, but majority of the time plays a significant role. There are different beliefs and morals, religious and food rules/ etiquettes that are associated with food of different cultures. An example of a food belief/moral would be in China noodles represent longevity, therefore it should not to be broken off or bitten off but put all into your mouth to chew to swallow. Food has not only been applied in beliefs and morals, but also religion. This can be seen in the Buddhism, where vegetarian dietary is preferred for serious believers. Sometimes food etiquette is incorporated into the religious side of food. For example in China it is considered extremely rude and impolite to stick your chopsticks upright in your rice as it is how it appears in funerals and is disrespectful to the elderly. The use of food in traditions and celebrations is another way to show how food has a deeper meaning that being sustenance. Traditions vary between cultures, but even families and individuals. Everyone has their own ‘style’ that they live with and pass on to their family who if they decide to continue the tradition passes on to future generations. Some of these traditions in terms of culture can be having rice has your main staple for most Asian cultures, while in Australia they have many different staples ranging from bread to grain foods. Food is also a big role player in celebrations. Many cultures have special foods that are only eaten or mostly eaten on certain days or events. For example in China on Chinese New Year, moon cakes are eaten, while in Australia, citizens have BBQs on Australia Day and eat ANZAC biscuits on ANZAC day. Food has also been a reason for unity of people. People like to eat whether it is at home or in restaurants in groups, where they not only enjoy the food together but can also start up conversations. For some families during dinner time may be the only time where they sit together and talk about their day. On a larger scale, food and global factors has allowed people of different backgrounds and cultures to accept and understand each other’s cultures. As previously mentioned, where we can now have food that are not from your culture. Because of food being eaten by many cultures, there are modifications to some foods so that more people can eat them. For example, there are now many vegetarian foods such as vegetarian pies and noodles for people with vegetarian diets.

Invention of computer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Invention of computer - Essay Example Computers have been a major reason for the rapid technological advancement that has taken place in the last few decades. The contemporary world would have been underdeveloped in many ways had computers not been introduced. Negative effects of computers include but are not limited to wastage of time, growth of porn and drug industries, and harmful effects on health. Children waste a lot of time playing games and surfing internet for non-educational purposes. Internet has provided a platform for the growth of pornography and other unwanted industries and mafia. Prolonged use of computers has limited physical activity and is one of the causes of the growth of obesity rate. Concluding, computers are so important in the present age that modern era can be defined as computer age. Use of computers is employed in every field of life. Computers have contributed to the growth of technology, education, and industries but at the same time, have also had harmful effects on the

Inventory management Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Inventory management - Term Paper Example The intention of this study is operations management is the oversight function for the process of production and distribution of goods and services. Operations management is mainly concerned with the organization of tasks in such a way as to attain specific predetermined goals. These involve the production of goods and services. The production of goods and services can be described as the passage of raw resources known as inputs through a process to get finished goods and services known as the outputs. Inputs include information, raw materials, labor, capital and fixed and variable assets. Outputs include products for other processes, final products or services to clients. Functions within operations management include planning, setting goals, staffing, directing, controlling and organizing. An operations strategy is a well laid out, consistent and achievable set of targets, and should be related to the market and overall organizational strategy. Inventory is associated with function s such as storage, which is related to the need to keep inventory items safe and cycle, which describes the amount of stock required to be maintained at a time. Other inventory functions include fluctuations which describe contingency stock required at any time to cover unexpected shortfalls. Transportation and service encompass the movement of stock items into and out of the organization and their required maintenance. Inventory can be categorized into raw materials, work in progress or finished goods. Raw material is stock intended for the production of goods and services. Work in progress is stock that is currently undergoing processing but which is yet to be fully processed. Finished stocks refer to goods ready for sale to the end consumer and include packaged goods. Other stock categories include consumables such as office stationery and machinery spare parts that are not directly attributable to the production process. Different organizations will hold different stock varieti es and quantities depending on the particular production and processes that they are involved in. While a manufacturing company for instance will hold both stocks of raw inputs and finished outputs, a supermarket will only hold stocks of finished goods and consumables (Donald & Waters, 2003). 2.2 Inventory supply management Inventory moves into and out of an organization frequently. All organizations at some point become customers, while at other times they are simply suppliers. As such, it is important to consider the handling of stock in transit. This effectively introduces the functions of the supplies department in stock management. The supply chain represents activities and organizations through which inventory passes as it heads towards its final destination. Supply chain management is an oversight function on the channels of inventory flow. Inventory supply chains can be described according to their length or breadth. Length of a supply chain is when a stock item has to pass through many suppliers before reaching the final consumer. One may for instance buy milk directly from the farmer or through a broker or from the supermarket. In the first example, the length is short as the milk does not have to pass through many people before reaching the final consumer. Breadth refers to the channels that an inventory item uses on its way to the consumer. A person can for instance get milk from the supermarket, shop, shopping mall or even from the farmer (Donald & Waters, 2003). A smooth supply chain function ensures that the business gets the right goods, in the right

Knowledge of Legal rules and Regulations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Knowledge of Legal rules and Regulations - Essay Example From criteria set by employers alone, it is clear that those in the geomatics profession are expected to be knowledgeable of legal rules and regulations relative to their work, and institutes of higher learning are taking notice. The curriculum design for the Geomatic Engineering Education at the University of Mines and Technology (UMaT) in Ghana includes among others Land Law, Law of Contract and Tort.2 On the other hand, survey law, legal surveys procedures, and property rights systems are marked as field skills for geomatics by the Canadian Geomatics Industry, one considered as historically very strong technologically.3. The land surveyors and land survey technicians may have the local land laws as their guide in their work, and student surveyors, their special knowledge of relevant subjects including law.4 Unquestionably, education in geomatics is evolving and developing.5 Geomatics empl II. Geomatics as service Geomatics employs techniques used in land surveying, remote sensing, geographic information systems (GIS), global positioning system (GPS), and related forms of earth mapping.6 Said to be coined by B. Dubuisson in 1969, the term "geomatics" has its exact definition still shifting. Among so many names, the University of Calgary's web page refers to it as "geomatics engineering." 7 The term, "geomatics," however, has been adopted by the International Organization for Standardization, the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors, and other authorities, while some countries like the United States prefer the term, "geospatial technology.." Geomatics is actually a union of geography and information technology, with the purpose of improving business and policy decision-making, 8 A report of the Federation Internationale des Geometres (FIG) Commission 7 of 1998 reflects the overriding weaknesses of the then-existing cadastral systems as having limited computerization, with inefficient linkage between land registration and cadastral mapping, with incomplete legal framework, sporting little map accuracy, with slow updating, slow customer service, and unsuitable financing model, among other things.9 Advances in computer technology, however, has enabled the rapid progress of geomatics since the 1990s.10 Due to the ease in procuring and working on spatial referenced data, changes have been rapid in geomatics with forceful impact.11 The geomatician's role of surveying in the 1980's has shifted dramatically from acquiring data to today's total information management.12 With various surveying or mapping disciplines involved in different levels of geo-information, geomatics has become a must in almost all courses all over the globe.13. Geomatics

Native Americans and criminal justice Assignment

Native Americans and criminal justice - Assignment Example They play an intricate role in nation building. This is through some of the cultural beliefs that they hold dear to them, to this day. Some may think they are uncivilised, savage, and unruly, but Native Americans bring a certain cultural difference to the lands (Nielsen & Robyn, 2009). In regards to the criminal justice system, their system and set of beliefs are quite different. What they might believe to be wrong in their eyes might hold a different opinion in a court of law, in present time. The underrepresentation of Native Americans in many areas of the American society shows of the struggle they have to go through in modern times. They are a marginalized community, and their needs are not often addressed by the few representatives they have. Although colonization tried to bring in different ideologies, Native Americans still hold onto their beliefs (Nielsen & Robyn, 2009). They are now engaged in a war to prevent the erosion of their culture, by struggling to survive as a distinct, cultural community. In conclusion, to better understand what the Native American community goes through, it is best to understand them from before pre-colonization, to present time. This can give one an understanding as to how they relate to others as a people. One can also find the different ideologies they hold toward the criminal system (Nielsen & Robyn, 2009). Through the struggles they face, it is frighteningly normal to see why they are a marginalized group of people, and how they are trying to overcome these

Area of Learning Free Writing Exercise Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Area of Learning Free Writing Exercise - Essay Example The sense of duty and courage that is needed for such a job was made aware later on but the interest kindled in me did not go away. Among my childhood memories, I remember playing cops and robbers quite often and on most occasions, I used to play the cop. Though I cannot say that this was responsible for my choice of study later on, nonetheless the philosophy with which I grew up instilled in me a confidence and a moral resoluteness to pursue this field. My first experience of what it takes to react swiftly in an emergency was when I had gone to watch a movie with my friends when I was barely a teenager. As the movie progressed, there was an alarm in the Mall in which the theater was located and this led to an evacuation of the place. Though it turned out to be a false alarm, the quickness with which the security staff of the Mall reacted and the way in which they were professional and competent in evacuating the place impressed me a lot. I realized that to be a good security officer means that one has to keep oneself calm under pressure and not let the people panic. An aspect of that incident was the way in which the security staff were precise in their instructions to us and the way in which they ensured the evacuation in a rapid and orderly manner. As I mentioned in the introduction to my portfolio, the events of 911 were a turning point not only in the history of the United States but for me as well. Having seen how the NYPD and the Firefighters risked their lives trying to save people made me proud of them and inculcated a desire to be like them if not emulate them in their sense of duty and patriotism. This theme or meme has stayed with me ever since those years when I was in my teens and this is one of the major motivations for me to take up the field of security management as a career. My experiences in Best Buy as well as my internship with the Bergen County Prosecutors office have made me aware of other areas of security management which include solvi ng fraud cases in a methodical and professional manner. I have learnt that in most cases of fraud and theft as well as crimes, the unthinkable is the most plausible scenario especially when all the other possibilities have been discounted. Conversely, I have also learnt that sometimes the most obvious clues to the crime are ignored and hence one must keep one’s eyes and ears open to all possibilities, however obvious or unthinkable they are. This has given me a sense of confidence on my abilities to crack crime cases and detect frauds as well as preempting crime and fraud. My ultimate goal is to major in criminal justice and towards this end, I have enrolled in this program so that I gain valuable experience and given the fact that my father was a fire fighter, my early influences were to do with preventing loss of goods and people and hence security management is an area that I have been especially interested in. I hope that I become a security officer at a retail store chai n or join the government (federal or state) where I am of use to the security apparatus. Having written down my thoughts in a free writing manner, I would like to quote one of my favorite slogans which goes like this, Low Crime Does Not Mean No Crime and this is something that has spurred me to be on my toes when dealing with people in the store as well as in the county prosecutor’

Southwest Airlines Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Southwest Airlines - Case Study Example The company battled in court against its rivals in Texas to establish for almost four years. In 1971, Lamar Muse joined the company as the CEO and led the company to an attractive IPO (Thompson & Gamble, 2011). Together with funds from private investors, and the IPO, the company managed to raise lose to seven million USD, funds that were used to purchase aircraft, equipment, and start-up capital. The company hired several relented senior staff most of who were veteran executives from other airlines. The company’s first flight went through successfully. As of mid 2001, the company had a fleet of about 350 planes plying across 58 airports in the U.S., and boasted of enjoying a turnover of about 5.5 billion USD annually (Thompson & Gamble, 2011, p.281). The company used different strategies to grow and in 2010, the company emerged the share leader of US domestic air travel (1). The company transported more passengers to various destinations in the United States than any other air line in 2010. Furthermore, the company boasted of offering the most reliable schedule and made profits consistently over the years unlike many of its counterparts. Company Strategy The Southwest Airlines has applied several strategies to see its success in the competitive market environment. Some of its strategies included providing hostesses with attractive clothing, offering free drinks to passengers, using an attractive tagline, and increasing its operational capacity without having to buy more planes initially. The company also realised its main market segments (business travellers and price sensitive leisure travellers) and maintained lower turnaround times compared to its competitors (Thompson & Gamble, 2011, p.279). Yet again, the company applied a different pricing strategy by incorporating different fare prices for the on-peak and off-peak periods. Essentially, the airline pursued a strategy that revolved around low cost, no frills and low prices (Thompson & Gamble, 2011, p .285). The company presented a customer care service that was dedicated to customer satisfaction with a fun loving attitude and happy face. The Southwest Airlines low cost-low price and no delays strategy emerged a winning strategy going by the remarkable results it has achieved over the years. As previously noted, the company consistently made profits and its customer and revenue base kept growing against those of its counterparts. The strategy is lovely considering that it focuses on the very needs of the targeted market segments without forgetting about the employees (Thompson & Gamble, 2011). On a scale of 1-10 with ten being the best score, I would give the company a rank of 8. Southwest’s Culture An organization is said to have a strong culture if its employees respond to stimulus owing toe the way they are aligned to the values of the organization. The Southwest Airlines has a strong culture that is pegged on various elements. The employees of the company are well trai ned and respond to the needs of the customer and the values of the organization efficiently. The company maintains a culture of keeping employees happy and motivated so that they can offer quality services. Furthermore, the company maintains a culture of excellent customer service. The company also maintains a culture of hard work, innovativeness, and teamwork. With the departure of Herb Kelleher, Gary Kelly is bound to face a number of challenges with respect to maintaining the company’s cultural commitments. For one, the company’s reputation has been tarnished following some accident and safety incidences which may affect the morale

Report Writing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Report Writing - Assignment Example The suspect was identified as Ricky Moon, a white male, aged 22 years; with a height, 6’; weighing, 192; at the moment he was wearing blue jeans and a ski cap. The officer immediately transported him back to the bank in an attempt of finding witnesses who would help with the suspect identification. Beamer and Katz who were both present during the process of the robbery positively identified the suspect. Following the positive identification, Judge L.C Green gave out a search warrant for the green Ford pickup that was bearing a New York licence TFH 789 and at that time was being driven by Ricky Moon and later found to be registered to the same man. The following items were obtained from the truck; 38 calibre blue steel revolver having serial number of 78695, a 4-inch barrel, black rubber grips, Green money bag, top zipper of First National Bank of New York, a Blue ski cap having eye holes cut within the fabric, a pair of blue jeans with red dye stains, black boots, pump shotgun, brown wood stock having the serial number of 436790 and $5,000 in $100 bills all of this materials were found in the suspects truck and are directly related to the above stated robbery. The witnesses at the crime scene; Frank Beamer and Jo Katz testified that on 20th of January, 2008 at around 1.30 pm a robbery occurred at the First National Bank of New York. The robber who carried out the offence was described as a white man, in blue jeans, wearing black shoes, in his twenties and also wearing a fabric on the head having holes cut in the fabric. Both witnesses stated to have observed that the suspected robber was in possession of two guns and also was wearing a jacket; moreover both added that the man was either in his twenties or early thirties. However there are some of the reported attributes by the two witnesses which are contradicting like Katz reported that the suspect had black hair and blue eyes, whereas Beamer reported the suspect to be having

Chinese media Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Chinese media - Essay Example The same could be said of China, a country in which activism is viewed as illegal and an act against the values shared by the government. However, the presence and availability of media activism has increased the country’s ability to take part in activism. With a massive population, media activism in China has provided a platform for communication for many people gagged from taking part in conventional activism processes (Wallis 410). Specifically, people in China have been cited as one of the greatest consumers of media activism in a country where freedom is not viewed as a democratic right. Media activism in China may be defined from two contrasting perspectives. There is the government and society definition of media activism. For the Chinese government, media activism is only legal where the users use the available technologies in communication to cite the positive features of the government. For instance, media houses in China are licensed to provide information as specified by the government. This form of media activism does not allow for criticism of highlighting of the errors by the governing body. The definition also covers providing information on the acts of the government depicting change, control, superiority and just (Yang 54). The social definition of media activism in China is the completely opposite of the stated definition. The definition mainly focuses on highlighting the need of change. Considering that the conventional media in China has no power to provide voice to the citizens, other media sources are relied upon to voice the frustrations on the government. Media activism from the people is defined as act by which the society is provided with an opportunity to challenge the existing non-democratic rule of law. China is highly defined by a rule of law inconsiderate of the rights of people. Problems in the nation can only be headlined

Dependent clause Essay Example for Free

Dependent clause Essay TRANSLATION: The process of turning an original or source text into a text in another language. TRANSLATION TECHNIQUES Direct Translation Techniques are used when structural and conceptual elements of the source language can be transposed into the target language. Direct translation techniques include: * Borrowing * Calque * Literal Translation Borrowing Borrowing is the taking of words directly from one language into another without translation. For example software, funk. English also borrows numerous words from other languages; abbatoire, cafe, passe and resume from French; hamburger and kindergarden from German; bandana, musk and sugar from Sanskrit. Calque A calque or loan translation is a phrase borrowed from another language and translated literally word-for-word. Examples that have been absorbed into English include standpoint and beer garden from German Standpunkt and Biergarten; breakfast from French dejeuner. Literal Translation A word-for-word translation can be used in some languages and not others dependent on the sentence structure: El equipo esta trabajando para terminar el informe would translate into English as The team is working to finish the report. Sometimes it works and sometimes it does not. And one sentence can be translated literally across languages does not mean that all sentences can be translated literally. El equipo experimentado esta trabajando para terminar el informe translates into English as The experienced team is working to finish the report (experienced and team are reversed). Oblique Translation Techniques Oblique Translation Techniques are used when the structural or conceptual elements of the source language cannot be directly translated without altering meaning or upsetting the grammatical and stylistics elements of the target language. Oblique translation techniques include: * Transposition * Modulation * Reformulation or Equivalence * Adaptation * Compensation Transposition This is the process where parts of speech change their sequence when they are translated. It is in a sense a shift of word class. Grammatical structures are often different in different languages. Transposition is often used between English and Spanish because of the preferred position of the verb in the sentence: English often has the verb near the beginning of a sentence; Spanish can have it closer to the end. This requires that the translator knows that it is possible to replace a word category in the target language without altering the meaning of the source text, for example: English Hand knitted (noun + participle) becomes Spanish Tejido a mano (participle + adverbial phrase). Modulation Modulation consists of using a phrase that is different in the source and target languages to convey the same idea: Te lo dejo means literally I leave it to you but translates better as You can have it. It changes the semantics and shifts the point of view of the source language. Through modulation, the translator generates a change in the point of view of the message without altering meaning and without generating a sense of embarrassment in the reader of the target text. It is often used within the same language. The expressions es facil de entender (it is easy to understand) and no es complicado de entender (it is not complicated to understand) are examples of modulation. Reformulation or Equivalence Here you have to express something in a completely different way, for example when translating idioms or advertising slogans. The process is creative, but not always easy. Adaptation Adaptation occurs when something specific to one language culture is expressed in a totally different way that is familiar or appropriate to another language culture. It is a shift in cultural environment. Should pincho (a Spanish restaurant menu dish) be translated as kebab in English? It involves changing the cultural reference when a situation in the source culture does not exist in the target culture (for example France has Belgian jokes and England has Irish jokes). Compensation In general terms compensation can be used when something cannot be translated, and the meaning that is lost is expressed somewhere else in the translated text. Peter Fawcett defines it as: making good in one part of the text something that could not be translated in another. One example given by Fawcett is the problem of translating nuances of formality from languages that use forms such as Spanish informal tu and formal usted, French tu and vous, and German du and sie into English which only has you, and expresses degrees of formality in different ways. WORD: It is one of the units of speech or writing that native speakers of a language usually regard as the smallest isolable meaningful element of the language, although linguists would analyze these further into morphemes There are eight different kinds of words in the English language. Nouns| Pronouns| Adjectives| Verbs| Adverbs| | Prepositions| | | Conjunctions| | | Interjections| | | NOUNS and VERBS are the most common and most essential. Every English sentence MUST contain a NOUN and a VERB. NOUNS name: people, places, things, ideas. They are always singular or plural. They are always common or proper. They may show ownership. PRONOUNS replace nouns. They have person, number, and case. ADJECTIVES describe nouns. They answer three questions: Which one? What kind? How many? VERBS have three jobs: show action, act like an equals sign, or hang around a main verb to show tense. They also have person, number, and case. ADVERBS describe verbs. They answer four questions: When? Where? How? How Much? PREPOSITIONS tell anywhere a mouse can run. CONJUNCTIONS connect things. INTERJECTIONS jump into show emotion. Sentence: it is a sequence of words capable of standing alone to make an assertion, ask a question, or give a command, usually consisting of a subject and a predicate containing a finite verb. Kinds of sentences. Simple Sentence it is a sentence having no coordinate clauses or subordinate clauses. Complex Sentence it is a sentence composed of at least one main clause and one subordinate clause. Compound Sentence it is a sentence composed of at least two coordinate independent clauses. Phrase it is a group of words forming an immediate syntactic constituent of a clause. Clause it is an expression including a subject and predicate but not constituting a complete sentence. Pre-modifier is a word (or words), usually adjectives or adverbs, that comes before the word that it describes. Basic Modifiers * Adjectives * Adverbs * Prepositional Phrases More Modifiers * Degree Modifier * Presumptive Modifier * Summative Modifier Post-modifier is a word, phrase, or clause that functions as an adjective or adverb to limit or qualify the meaning of another word or word group. Adjective Order Adjectives can be used to describe lots of things, from physical size, age, shape, colour, material, to more abstract things like opinion, origin and purpose. We can use adjectives together to give a detailed description of something. Adjectives that express opinions usually come before all others, but it can sometimes depend on what exactly you want to emphasize. For instance: That nice, big, blue bag. (You like the bag. ) That big, nice, blue bag. (You like the colour. ) When adjectives are together there is a general rule for the position of each type adjective, these are: Position| 1st*| 2nd*| 3rd| 4th| 5th| 6th| 7th| 8th| | Opinion| Size| Age| Shape| Colour| Material| Origin| Purpose| | Nice| Small| Old| Square| Black| Plastic| British| Racing| | Ugly| Big| New| Circular| Blue| Cotton| American| Running|.

Criminals are a product of their environment

Criminals are a product of their environment This essay will concern criminals in regards to their ecology. Ecological criminology is the observing of criminality, crime and victimization in relation to the area of individuals and organizations and how it forms and affects them. In broad terms crime is seen to evolve in pathological conditions of certain communities and areas. This association between crime and certain parts of a city namely areas with pathological conditions has a long past. Theorists such as Fregier (1840), Mayhew(1862) and The Chicago School of Sociology have contributed substantially to the debate of crime and the environment. Through Clifford Shaw and Henry McKays (1942) book  [1]  and other sociologist work such as Park and Burgess(1925)  [2]  comes the zonal hypothesis. It was found that cities develop concentric zones of life and activity. This is called this the concentric zone model. The model consist of five zones in the following order , the center is the Central business district, the transition zone of mixed residential and commercial uses, low-class residential homes (inner suburbs), better quality middle-class homes (Outer Suburbs) and the commuters zone. Baldwin and Bottoms also point out that offences are gathered nearby the city center According to Chicago School each district in concentric zones yields on something of the traits and abilities of the occupants. Through this knowledge it became known evident that there was a large amount of pathological behavior such as juvenile delinquency and alcoholism in the zone of transition. It also seems that the zone of transition adapted its own social organization such as cheaper rents, an unsettled population, and a few settled institutions and also tended to house recent peers of immigrants which seemed to yield the same forms of behavior including crime. Before one looks at the explanations of why the zone of transition is a problematic zone there are some methodological problems one must look at. There may be a distinction between the offence and the offender rate e.g. one person may be the cause of majority of specific crimes in a certain area. The rationality of authorized figures in relation to area based data may be brought into question. In the explanation given to define the zone of transition by the Chicago school it was alleged that the zone accommodated people unfamiliar to each other, urban life and to America also their surroundings seemed fluid which is also termed social disorganization. Social disorganization was based on three flexible elements such as poverty (unlike Sutherland which will be discussed further on), as the poor societies do not possess satisfactory funds to handle the difficulties occurring. The increase of residential mobility and racial diversity causes deterioration of community control through the deficiency of mutual beliefs which is viewed as permitting illicit conduct to advance and be transferred from one generation to the next. Similar to the social disorganization thesis Schuerman and Kobrin (1986) alleged a three phase procedure which denotes the evolving of high offender rate areas. These where shifts in land which meant increase in renting, changes in population which signified a decrease in people and increase in quantity of dissimilar beings as well as Changes in socio-economic statues which means additional inexperienced beings and advanced quantity of jobless people. In contrast to the idea that area of residence takes on character and quality of inhabitance, it is also noted that the inhabitants of an area take on characteristics and value of the area. This means the societal life of a zone can stimulus illicit inspiration. The societal life of a zone may have long term impact on the individuals personality, social activities, though processes a daily routines. As opposed to ideas such as certain areas influence individuals and vice versa, the theory of differential association according to Shaw and McKay, may illustrate how delinquent activities are ethnically transferred from one person to another. Edwin Sutherland (1924 and 1939) it was claimed that illicit conduct is cultured in contact through other individuals predominantly in intimate personal settings. This kind of knowledge not merely instructs the person about the detailed practices of performing delinquency, but similarly guides their drives, motives, attitudes and definitions of the law (Jones 2006). Wherever an individual is exposed to excess definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law they are more probable to turn out to be a criminal. The probability is ascertained by discrepancies in regularity, concentration, significance and period of the relationship. An exemplification of this is as Orcutt (1987) states that students were more likely to smoke marijuana if one of their four closest friends did. Alike Social disorganization Wolfgang and Ferracuti (1967) state that subcultures of violence can often be found in poor zones, they also state that individuals from such backgrounds learn positive approaches towards vehemence though a process of differential learning, association or identification. Wolfgang and Ferracuti also claim that such a procedure might aid to dispel any outlooks of culpability that might perhaps arise as of inside such individuals. The fortes of Sutherlands theory lay in its capability to demonstrate delinquencies are not related to poverty. For instance Sutherland applied the concept to white-collar and professional crime, asserting that people turn into white collar criminals since they became engaged into a business culture that deemed unlawful practices as lawful Sutherland reasoned that numerous clusters of people in civilization varied in their views as to what caused suitable conduct and out of this multiplicity of opinions, culture conflict turns into the most definite proof of the social disorganization within society, and an underlying cause of differential association. For the purpose of criticism and analysis in regards to the ideas given by the Chicago school of sociology, the image of urban life assumed by the Chicago school is no longer the same. This is because it assumes an even, unchanging landscape. An Additional reproach of the Chicago school is that British capitals post Second World War did not look like the Chicago concentric ring pattern due to people fleeing away from the citys in fear. The theory is also insubstantial on individuals as it doesnt institute enough for decisions made by individuals such as highly emotive crimes such as crimes of passion e.g. serial killer which doesnt associate with no one to learn his modus operandi also known as method of operating. Theorist such as Tittle et al. (1986) claim that it is not the mocking of specific methods or the learning of illicit outlooks that is significant, but the learning of enthusiasms to participate in delinquency that create distinct relations. McCarthy (1996) revealed compelling proof of tutelage in techniques of delinquency between homeless youths Haynie (2002) establish that the quantity of criminal contacts in a persons network not individual had a strong optimistic outcome on that characters following criminality, but was also a stronger effect than the contacts total levels of criminality. Meaning and individual which has more criminal minded friends then an individual which only has one extreme criminal friend is more likely to be influenced. In light of everything mentioned what can be understood is that different theorist have different views and ideas on factors and elements which condition a person to act in a criminal way. Therefore some theorist claim people are the product of certain areas whereas others believe that the areas are the product of the people living in it, which effectively means there is a two way presses going on. On the other hand some theorist believe that poverty is the underlining cause of delinquency where as some theorist believe that poverty plays no role and that it is merely the individuals motivation which is fuelled by engaging with delinquent people in an close intimate setting.

Causes Of Joint Failures Engineering Essay

Causes Of Joint Failures Engineering Essay This report emphasizes methods for determining, minimizing, and uniformly distributing the stress for cable joints and HV bushings. The analysis is intended to reduce the failures caused by high stressed, to provide maintenance cost reductions, and to improve service reliability. Predicting the remaining life of a joint is a major challenge to electric utilities, one that has long had the attention of design and maintenance engineers who manage overhead transmission lines. The recent joint failures reported by a few utilities follow the trend caused by aging joints and conductors. These problems are expected to increase over time because of higher line loadings under the current deregulated environment. Since typical inspection techniques have many limitations, it is currently difficult to isolate the components early enough to reliably avoid failure. If two electrical conductors are joined to form a stationary electric contact, i.e. an electric joint, the joint resistance does not remain constant but will increase during operating time. This long-term behaviour of the joint resistance can be influenced by different aging mechanisms like corrosion processes, interdiffusion, electromigration, fretting and stress relaxation. Especially in bolted aluminum joints at high current load, i.e. at high joint temperatures stress relaxation may play an important role in joint aging. Creep deformation of the conductor material decreases the joint force. The area and the number of a-spots decrease and may cause an increase of the constriction resistance which may occur suddenly, if mechanical vibrations act on the joint. In order to describe the factor of influence of creep on the aging behaviour of high current bolted aluminum joints, the relationship between the decreasing joint force and the joint resistance and the development of the joint force have to be determined. The relationship between the decreasing joint force and the joint resistance can be evaluated on the basis of the surface profile of the rough joint surfaces [7]. In order to extrapolate the development of the joint force beyond the time of experiments and to reduce the number of experiments with numerous types of joints geometry the development of the joint force is calculated. The calculation is performed by means of the Finite Element Method (FEM) based on material parameters of the conductors and the physical fundamentals of creep [8]. Due to the structural characteristics of bushings and cable ends. the electric fields near the grounding flange are highly concentrated. and have a strong axial component, resulting in corona and gliding discharge. The traditional way of improving this condition is to apply semiconducting paint or band on the insulating surface by the flange. The electric field is evened by decreasing the surface resistance of the insulating surface. However, the effect is not very good due to the thinness of the applied material. In addition, the applied material will aging or peel off in time, decreasing its effect to zero. Failure Mechanisms Causes of Joint Failures Joint failures are expected to increase with the increase demand for heavier loading operations. Some of the key contributors to joint failures include: inadequate cleaning of the conductor, complete absence of conductor cleaning, absence of corrosion inhibitor, improperly inserted conductor, incomplete die closures, and high load fault currents contributing to aging with thermal stresses. Installation and Quality Assurance Issues One of the main reasons for joint failures is improper installation. Misalignment of steel sleeve, crimping with wrong dye, no grease present in splice, and improperly cleaned conductor can greatly accelerate the failure process. Other factors that influence failures are internal crevice corrosion, releasing of compression force by thermal cycling, creep due to line tension, and fatigue cracking on bent joints. Corrosion Problems Corrosion is a major factor in the deterioration process of splice/connectors. Figure below is anexample of a failed field joint. Characteristics of a Joint Failure The final failure mode of connectors is either mechanical or thermal. Sometimes the steel sleevehas been installed off-center, resulting in one end of the conductor being barely inserted. This can result in a mechanical failure. A thermal failure is the result of high resistance heating or individual strands failing with the same consequence. These situations can either melt components or cause the joint to lose its connection. Failures generally show evidence of both mechanical and thermal failure in combination. Temperature and Resistance Relationship The degradation of a joint can be observed by changes in its resistance and temperature. The interface resistance is a very small part of the total joint resistance until there are signs of damage. Because of this effect, no noticeable heating takes place until late in the failure cycle. High temperature values are usually the result of high resistance measurements in a component. Resistance is a function, to varying degrees, of temperature. As an abnormally high resistance component begins to heat up, resistance increases, resulting in an even faster rate of temperature increase. This physical property of electrical conductors can quickly make a bad situation worse! In addition, as the component heats it may reach the material melting point. Often a complete structural failure results and the line drops. More often, however, the melted metal re-solidifies; as this happens resistance decreases, and thus temperature, may be reduced. This is only a 2-3 temporary phenomenon, but if the inspection is conducted at this point in the failure cycle, the data will certainly be misleading! Eventually both resistance and heating will again increase, and the material will again melt. This melting and re-welding can take place many times before total failure occurs, especially when copper alloy components are involved. Design of High Voltage Cable Joints General For the stress control, basically the following methods are known: Geometrical, where the contour of conducting elements is controlling the electrical field at the end of a high voltage cable. Resistive, where the resistance of a semiconducting material is used to reduce the electrical stress in high field regions. Refractive, where material with a high permittivity is used for pushing away the field from high stress regions. The first method which refers to the geometry of the joint, is more of a mechanical way of reducing or controlling stress. If we have to cables and there is a joint connecting them, what ever the stress distribution may be, it is possible to control both the parameters that are stress concentration and stress distribution. For example, if we have a straight joint exactly alligned with the cable shape, whatever stress it shows, we can reduce or vary the stress distribution, and stress concentration can be decreased by applying changes to the joint shapes such chamfering the joint a bit, and also by varying its size to a possible extent. While the resistive and refractive method is successfully used for medium voltage applications up to 72.5kV maximum, the geometrical field control method is the standard method for high voltage and extra high voltage applications. Controlling the field by a well defined contour still offers the best quality from design and production point of view. To install a pre-moulded joint they are normally slipped-over the prepared cable on site by using grease and special push-on tools. Another technology, widely used in the medium voltage range, is the cold shrink technology. With this technique a pre-moulded joint body is pre-expanded on a support tube, which can be removed while being placed around the cable on site. It has the advantage that no push-on tools must be used. Electrical Design One basic function of every termination or joint is to control the electrical field at the endof a cable or between two cables. This means that the electrical field is controlled by the contour of conducting elements integrated into the joint body. During design stage FEM (Finite Element Method) calculation programs are an important tool as the latest versions of these programs offer a vast range of possibilities such as: Calculation of the electrical field in any direction of the joint body Optimization tools for calculating the optimum shape of stress control elements Solving of coupled fields, like thermo mechanical stresses Models for non-linear behavior of materials, like stresses in polymeric materials Simulation of slip-on procedures Choice of Material Nowadays the materials used for high voltage joints are silicone rubber and EPDM. The basic requirements for an elastomeric material are as follows: Sufficient mechanical properties in order being expandable in the required range. Capability to withstand the required temperature range. Availabilty of material with constant quality and constant purity. Low ageing with respect to electrical and mechanical properties. According the requirements given above silicone rubber is an ideal and preferred material for cable joints. Therefore it can be concluded that silicone rubber is an excellent material for the use in cable accessories as it can fully cope with the electrical, mechanical and thermal requirements given by nowadays polymeric cables. Ageing An important aspect, which we still have to consider is the ageing factor of insulating material and interface. The ageing can be described by the life time law as follows: EN * t = const. Where, E = Electrical field in the insulation t = Time, where the electric field is applied N = Lifetime coefficient Stress Analysis For the Stress Analysis we have used a Finite Element Analysis (FEA) software in order to find the electric field distribution. We have done this by MAXWELL SV software. A little bit about the software first and then we proceed towards our analysis. USING THE SOFTWARE We have used a student version of MAXWELL SV software depending on the availability, which allows us to analyze a problem on the basis of 2D geometry. The resistive solution for reducing stress is of great importance as well. If another piece of metal is being used to joint two pieces of cable, it could produce more stress on the joint due to its own resistive and other properties. So, if the two pieces of wire are making contact through a third material, normally the third material is to be used as a jacket that overlaps two wires as shown below. In the above arrangement two cables have direct contact with each other and third material is making parallel circuit with two cables and is supporting electrical current through a joint. In the arrangement that involves a joint in series, the third material is making a series circuit with two cables and adding extra resistance to the joint with will increase the stress on the joint. On the other hand if we talk about the refractive part the situation could be explained as , if a single piece of sleeve is taken and we plot the rise in temperature due to sleeve. Exposed part of the cable will have low temperature as compared with the portion under sleeve and it will create difference of resistance at both ends of wire under sleeve, due to this difference thermal stresses on the ends of the two cables being joint. To reduce the stress it is recommended that sleeve should be good conductor to heat and the temperature of exposed part will be as same as the part under the shielded portion. SIMULATION BASED ANALYSIS For our simulation we have considered two cables joined together, where the joint between them is assumed to be a perfect one, and hence we can treat it as one perfect conductor. Therefore, the conductor can be a single copper cable as demonstrated in the results below. In reality when the cables are to be joined, the ends of the two separate cables must be stripped of its insulation. For modeling purposes this has been represented by a gap in the insulation between the conductor and outer sheath. This gap will initially be left empty to see the distribution with no insulation. In attempt to distribute the stress uniformly the gap will then be filled with a variety of material. The layer of the insulation at the joint is generally a lot thicker than the rest of the cable, and the simulations below make uses of this. The conductor has been assigned as a source of 500KV, and the outer sheath at ground potential. The insulating material for the two cables is XLPE. The results presented below show stress distribution in various scenarios where the geometry has been unchanged, and different insulation materials have been tested. Due to different properties of different insulating materials the stress distributions also vary. The first result presents the field distribution, where the gap has been left empty, to examine the initial stress with no insulation at all. Figure 1: Cable joint with no insulation at the joint XLPE Cable Insulation Outer Sheath (0V) Gap HV Conductor (500KV) In this situation the stress in the gap at the joint and surrounding insulation in very high. This would eventually result in failure of the joint due to the extreme stresses. Now that the initial stress has been determined, it is necessary to find how to minimize and uniformly distribute the stress. As mentioned previously the gap is now filled with a layer of a variety of materials. The layer at the joint is thicker than the insulation of a normal cable as to attempt to minimize and create a more uniform distribution of stress. Below the distribution for a variety of materials used to insulate the joint is presented. Figure 2: Field distribution for Silicon Insulated cable joint Joint Insulation Figure 3: Field distribution for FR4-Epoxy insulated cable joint Figure 4: Field distribution for Polyimide-Quartz insulated cable joint Figure 5: Field distribution for Polyethylene insulated cable joint Figure 6: Field distribution for Teflon insulated cable joint Figure 7: Field distribution for Polystyrene insulated cable Figure 8: Field distribution for Porcelain insulated cable Notice that there are two effects of using the thick insulation at the cable joint, first the concentration of the stress is brought down, and secondly the stress is distributed more uniformly. These are both important in ensuring the insulation is efficiently used, and maximizes the life span of the insulation. Notice that in the case of all but Polyimide-Quartz insulation the concentration is minimized somewhat, though the main effect is the uniform distribution of stress. On the other hand Polyimide-Quartz insulation greatly decrease the stress concentration, though the distribution is undesirable as the majority of the stress is concentrated at the conductor surface which will result in uneven wear of the insulation. Thus the optimal insulation will have even distribution of stress, and somewhat minimize the stress concentration. It was determined that the silicon insulation is best suited for this purpose. The distribution of the stress across the joint and surrounding insulatio n is very uniform, and the concentration is somewhat minimized as well. This result is consistent with industry practices as in general a thick layer of silicon is used at the joint for insulation []. Conclusion Cable Joints The Electric Stress has been determined for the general structure of a high voltage cable using finite element analysis, and a method suggested to create a more uniform, and less concentrated distribution of stress. The results obtained agree with what is currently standard practice in the high voltage industry. FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS Background Finite Element Analysis (FEA) was first developed in 1943 by R. Courant, who utilized the Ritz method of numerical analysis and minimization of variational calculus to obtain approximate solutions to vibration systems. Shortly thereafter, a paper published in 1956 by M. J. Turner, R. W. Clough, H. C. Martin, and L. J. Topp established a broader definition of numerical analysis. The paper centered on the stiffness and deflection of complex structures. By the early 70s, FEA was limited to expensive mainframe computers generally owned by the aeronautics, automotive, defense, and nuclear industries. Since the rapid decline in the cost of computers and the phenomenal increase in computing power, FEA has been developed to an incredible precision. Present day super computers are now able to produce accurate results for all kinds of parameters. What is Finite Element Analysis? FEA consists of a computer model of a material or design that is stressed and analyzed for specific results. It is used in new product design, and existing product refinement. A company is able to verify a proposed design will be able to perform to the clients specifications prior to manufacturing or construction. Modifying an existing product or structure is utilized to qualify the product or structure for a new service condition. In case of structural failure, FEA may be used to help determine the design modifications to meet the new condition. There are generally two types of analysis that are used in industry: 2-D modeling, and 3-D modeling. While 2-D modeling conserves simplicity and allows the analysis to be run on a relatively normal computer, it tends to yield less accurate results. 3-D modeling, however, produces more accurate results while sacrificing the ability to run on all but the fastest computers effectively. How Does Finite Element Analysis Work? FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes which make a grid called a mesh . This mesh is programmed to contain the material and structural properties which define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes are assigned at a certain density throughout the material depending on the anticipated stress levels of a particular area. Regions which will receive large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those which experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and high stress areas. The mesh acts like a spider web in that from each node, there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of vectors is what carries the material properties to the object, creating many elements. Introduction Bushings In todays competitive market, there is a need for the bushing manufacturing industry to improve bushing efficiency and to reduce costs; because high-quality low-cost products and processes have become the key to survival in the global economy. The reliability of equipment and facilities used in a power system is an essential precondition of the energy transmission security. High voltage bushing breakdown is one of the major contributors to the transformer failures. Since the electrical design of the HV bushings is the most important part of their manufacturing process, finding an algorithm for the electrical design of bushings in an optimum way is very important. Bushing failure is one of the leading causes of transformer failures. The electrical design of capacitive grading bushings is one of the important parts of manufacturing of these kinds of bushings. Capacitive grading bushings contain embedded in their insulation core concentric conductive foils, which are isolated from each other. By adjusting the diameter and length of these cylinders, the electrical stress and voltage drop in the core and along its surface can be influenced by variation of the ratio of the partial capacitances between the conducting cylinders, [1]. The grading of ac-bushing is achieved from the capacitances that are formed between the grading foils and thus determined by the permittivity of the insulating material. HIGH VOLTAGE BUSHINGS Bushings provide a point of interface such that the electric current can pass to and from the apparatus. The current is at some potential above ground and must be electrically insulated from the tank walls which are at ground potential. It can be thought of like a bridge where the potential is the length of the bridge and the longer the bridge the more support it must have such that it will not come into contact with the ground. The current path is the number of lanes. If the number of lanes are reduced on part of the bridge under heavy traffic flow, a multi-car pile up will occur. The two key factors are: 1) Insulating System to prevent a failure mode of over voltage. 2) Conductor Path to prevent a failure mode of over current. Over voltage will cause a flash over in the insulation and over current will cause overheating in the conductor due to I^2 * R losses. Figure 9: Diagram of typical high voltage bushings General Types: High-voltage bushings for use on transformers and breakers are made in several principal types, as follows: Composite Bushing.- A bushing in which insulation consists of two or more coaxial layers of different insulating materials. Compound-Filled Bushing.-A bushing in which the space between the major insulation (or conductor where no major insulation is used) and the inside surface of a protective weather casing (usually porcelain) is filled with a compound having insulating properties. Condenser Bushing.- A bushing in which cylindrical conducting layers are arranged coaxially with the conductor within the insulating material. The length and diameter of the cylinders are designed to control the distribution of the electric field in and over the outer surface of the bushing. Condenser bushings may be one of several types: Resin-bonded paper insulation; Oil-impregnated paper insulation; or Other. Dry or Unfilled Type Bushing.- Consists of porcelain tube with no filler in the space between the shell and conductor. These are usually rated 25 kV and below. Oil-Filled Bushing. A bushing in which the space between the major insulation (or the conductor where no major insulation is used) and the inside surface of a protective weather casing (usually porcelain) is filled with insulating oil. Oil Immersed Bushing.- A bushing composed of a system of major insulations totally immersed in a bath of insulating oil. Oil-Impregnated Paper- Insulated Bushing.- A bushing in which the internal structure is made of cellulose material impregnated with oil. Resin-Bonded, Paper- Insulated Bushing.- A bushing in which the major insulation is provided by cellulose material bonded with resin. Solid (Ceramic) Bushing.- A bushing in which the major insulation Is provided by a ceramic or analogous material. Bushing Failures Operating records show that about 90 percent of all preventable bushing failures are caused by moisture entering the bushing through leaky gaskets or other openings. Close periodic inspection to find leaks and make repairs as needed will prevent most outages due to bushing failures. Such an external inspection requires little time and expense and will be well worth the effort. High-voltage bushings, if allowed to deteriorate, may explode with considerable violence and cause extensive damages to adjacent equipment. Flashovers may be caused by deposits of dirt on the bushings, particularly in areas where there are contaminants such as salts or conducting dusts in the air. These deposits should be removed by periodic cleaning. Figure 10: Picture of High Voltage Bushing that has failed due to penetration of moisture One of the failures can also be a dielectric failure occurring with the paper insulation punctured through from the center draw rod, at a location about one third of the way down from the top terminal, to the grounded capacitance tap. HOW DOES THE BUSHINGS WITHSTAND THE STRESSES? The bushings must contain many layers of capacitors to grade the voltage down evenly from the potential at the centre conductor to ground potential. These capacitors are made up of many layers of paper and foil and usually filled with an insulating fluid such as oil. These layers of insulation can be checked by measuring the power factor of the bushing when the parent apparatus is out of service [2]. While the parent apparatus is in service, an infrared camera can be used to check for low oil levels. The oil level relates to the insulation quality of the grading capacitors. Infrared method will only work when the parent apparatus produces heat because it relies on the thermal mass difference between the fluid and the void at the top of the bushing. Bushings in transformers are ideal examples due to the heat produced by losses in the windings and core. The capacitor core of high voltage bushing is widely used to decrease the electric stress and to avoid field centralization where the high voltage lead drill through the tank wall of transformer. The floating potentials of capacitor core can be calculated with several methods[6], that are, the minimized energy algorithm, the partial capacitance algorithm and the electric charge conservation algorithm[6]. Some times dummy dielectric constant method are also used to solve the failure problems. When the electric flux line leaves higher dielectric constant region to lower dielectric constant region, if the ratio of higher dielectric constant to lower dielectric constant is much larger than 1, then it is nearly vertical on the interface in low dielectric constant material. Stress Analysis For the simulation we have tried two arrangements. First, the high voltage conductor is insulated by one large thick layer of silicone from the porcelain outer layer, which is held in place by two metal flanges at ground potential. Secondly, a capacitive graded arrangement where the conductor is insulated by several layers of silicone of varying axial length separated by thin layers of foil (form a large capacitor), again with two flanges at ground potential holding the structure in place. A voltage of 132KV is supplied to the conductor. The results presented below show the stress distribution where to distribute the stress uniformly the geometry of the structure has been altered. It is expected that with the two arrangements the distribution of the stress will vary greatly. Figure 11: Distribution of stress for first arrangement on bushing Figure 12: Distribution of stress for capacitively graded bushing arrangement In the first arrangement the electric stress is concentrated around the surface of the conductor, and the metal flange. While the other regions are under considerably less stress. The result is consistent with known theory. This is inefficient use of the insulation, as the wear of the insulation is not even. It is thus necessary to find a more desirable arrangement. Figure 12 shows the result of a capactively graded arrangement. Not only is the stress distributed more uniformly throughout the insulation, ensuring maximum efficiency and long life span, though the concentration is also reduced. This is the optimal design for high voltage bushings and is currently used in many high voltage applications. Again the result found is consistent with theory, as capacitive grading is vastly used to distribute stress uniformly. Conclusion High Voltage Bushings The Electric Stress has been determined for two different bushing arrangements using finite element analysis. The capacitive grading arrangement was found to be the best at distributing , and minimizing the concentration of stress. The results obtained agree with theory, and are applied throughout the industry.

Fanons Three Stages Related To The Indigenous People Of Chiapas :: essays research papers

Fanon's Three Stages Related to the Indigenous People of Chiapas The passage Shadows of Tender Fury by Subcommander Marcos of the Zapatista Army explains that the people of Chiapas are currently facing a period of revolution. The Zapatista army (consisting of Chiapian campesinos) has risen to combat the intolerant system of oppression by the Mexican government and has attempted to create a better lifestyle for the campesinos of Chiapas. Frantz Fanon's three stages to national culture; assimilation, self discovery, and revolution, relate to the struggle of the campesinos of Chiapas. In the last 500 years, the indigenous people of Chiapas have faced all three of Fanan's stages during their struggle for the development of a national culture. Five-hundred years ago when the first Europeans came in contact with the Mayan Indians, the first stage of Fanon's theory, assimilation, began formalizing. Throughout history the colonizers of Mexico were more technologically advanced than the natives. The Europeans had guns, cannons and massive ships. Not only did these possessions enable them to have greater brute force, but it took the white man to the level of the gods in the eyes of the natives. The colonizers could easily take advantage of this reverence. Fanon states "The effect consciously sought by colonialism was to drive into the natives' heads the idea that if the settlers were to leave, they would at once fall back into barbarism, degradation, and bestiality."(Fanon 211) The colonizers, believing the natives were savages that needed enlightenment, forced European culture upon them. The Europeans believed that to assimilate the natives to European culture was to help them progress. Therefore, to return to the old ways would have been regressing. When the natives objected to the forced assimilation, the colonizers smothered the rebellious efforts with stronger, more lethal weapons. Fanon compares the colonizer to a mother who restrains her "perverse" child so that he will not commit suicide.(Fanon 211) The analogy implies that the colonized must be protected (by the colonizer) from self-destruction. In the minds of the European colonizers, this idea of protection justified forcing assimulation onto the natives. Although the native campesinos (the poor people of Chiapas) haven't fully assimulated, they have adopted particular aspects of European and present day Mexican culture. The campesinos have learned the Spanish language and joined the catholic religion. An example of Fanon's first phase is when the colonizer tries to calm the angry, poor and exploited colonized people by promising social reform.(Fanon 207) These reforms promise things such as employment, welfare and education. According to Fanon, the government rarely follows through with pledged social reform. They find it easier to simply

Essay --

Abortion is a major debate in society today and has been an impassioned topic for decades. At issue is whether or not abortion should be permissible. Generally I support the idea of abortion given specific circumstances. If a woman becomes pregnant due to rape, she has no moral obligation to carry the baby to full term. It is a gross expectation for society to think a woman should give birth to a baby conceived from rape and to take care of the child as her own. In this discussion I will argue that abortion is permissible if the mother was a victim of rape. Judith Thomson is a philosopher that supports abortion. Judith starts off with her debate stating that â€Å"a fetus is no more a human than an acorn is a tree†. When does an acorn become an oak (Thomson 37-56)? The answer is that no one truly knows, there is no direct moment when one thing becomes another, it is the same way as a fetus. When does a fetus become a baby? Thomson uses the â€Å"famous violinist† analogy. In this analogy you are kidnapped, when you wake up in the morning you learn that you are connected to a famous violist who needs your kidneys for nine months. It is stated the violinist is an innocent person with a right to life whereas separating yourself from the violinist would kill him/her (Thomson 37-56). I believe in this case it would be moral to unplug yourself from the violinist, even if it means his/hers death. You did not consent to supporting the violinist for nine months and therefore you do not have an obligation to do so. This scenario can be used to support the victim who has been raped. If you have been raped you did not consent to sex or make a conscience decision to accept the ramifications from forced actions of copulation. Furthermore y... ... unjust aggressor who has violated the woman's dignity. Rape is an act of force and violence, unlike the conjugal love in marriage whereby both spouses give freely of themselves in an act of love. The woman who was raped is not responsible for the action, and thereby has the right to prevent the pregnancy or even stop the pregnancy through abortion. However, I agree with any arguments that state killing is wrong. I do agree that killing is wrong from the time the fetus becomes a human being, up to any age of an adult. People should not be allowed to take the life of another person as this is a crime. I believe that abortion should stay legal for several reasons; because women should have the right to make decisions regarding their own body and especially if they are a rape victim, and because they have the autonomy to exercise that right regardless of state laws.

Banning Cigarettes Essay -- essays research papers fc

Each year, the U.S. government passes numerous laws to protect its citizens. Yet, one perfectly legal product manages to seize over 400,000 American lives annually (American Lung Association, "American"). Despite the efforts of the U.S. government to protect its citizens, the government continues to ignore the single most preventable cause of premature deaths. The vicious culprit attributed to these deaths is the common cigarette. Death, however, is not the only transgression cigarettes are responsible for. Cigarettes pose a clear threat to the public, to the economy, and to the planet. Without a doubt, the government should ban cigarettes on account of the fact that they are harmful to the economy, to the body, and to the environment. The government should ban cigarettes because they hurt the economy. Essentially, cigarettes rob the economy of wealth. One area where cigarette smoking is costly is health care. Smokers often seek medical care because of the negative effects cigarettes have on the human body. As a result, the government spends a large amount of money treating medical illnesses that are, many times, preventable. In fact, "[s]moking costs the United States approximately $97.2 billion each year in health-care costs and lost productivity" (American Lung Association, "American"). Also, citizens must fund health care costs through tax dollars. A wiser and more productive utilization of tax dollars would be funding for schools. Despite...

Blue shark

Dear George Brady, Hello, my name is Patricia Dwell, I am 14 years old and I got to the Cole Leila North School. My class read the book â€Å"Henna's suitcase† and we learned information's about the holocaust. The â€Å"Henna's suitcase† book taught me a lot, it taught me to appreciate what and who I have in my life. You have inspired me because you stayed strong through everything you had to go through during the holocaust. Whilst we were reading the book, I couldn't imagine what you and Hanna had to go through. I couldn't imagine having such a happy life with my family then next thing you know you're separated from you parents and sibling.First of all I am really sorry for your loss, losing your parents, grandma, and your sister in such a young age must have been really hard to go through. I could never imagine going through what all the Jews did. You're a really good person to look up to because you didn't give up on life, some people did give up and most survivors f rom the holocaust don't ever want to talk about what they went through. So I think that you are brave for deciding to move on life and also for telling yours and Henna's story. I think that it is very special how you are able to tell children about your story and each them to not Judge people for being different.You inspired me to never give up and Just stay strong Just like how you stayed strong through the holocaust and how you never gave up on finding information about your sister Hanna. What you went through was horrible and I hope no one else would ever have to go through what you did. Through separating from your parents and sister, the box cars, having to wear a Jude star etc. You stayed strong and you decided to keep living life really Inspired me. Learning about the Holocaust taught me to never Judge anybody by what they believe In and who they are.What happened during the Holocaust Is so horrible; I honestly can't believe people would treat Jews differently Just because th ey were different, and because they believed In different things. If everyone learned about the Holocaust, world war will hopefully never happen again. From what Vive learned I will for sure never Judge anyone for being different. Blue shark By g-annoyed decided to keep living life really inspired me. Believe in and who they are. What happened during the Holocaust is so horrible; I different, and because they believed in different things. If everyone learned about

Gender Dysphoria and the Persecution of Transgender People

The morals of charge up has been go forn long precaution beca example it is a principle to comp ar in the midst of proper windual style and improper perk upual behaviour. Since the tripual venture is connected with the giving turn out to children (human reproduction),it contempt creation a very tete-a-tete and intimate matter. People normally natural with only angiotensin converting enzyme depend on all young-begetting(prenominal) or charish. There be quite a little who insatiable with their gather in devolve on which most probably happen in man,they abide grammatical grammatical windual practice reassign manpowert therapy to reach out themselves a real muliebrity.In 20th century, issue regarding trip ex convince is still a archaic and unprecedented typesetters case. Einar Mogens Wegener make an outstanding finality that he want to undergoes sex exchange,he is unmatched of the first identifiable recipients of staminate to effeminate sex rea ssignwork forcet therapy which after that named himself as Lili Elbe. In 1930,the aesculapian examination exam checkup technology is still non advanced enough to make certain(a) the sex exchange deed tramp be successfully d i save he still determined with his own finding.He went through a series of five-spot operations over a percentage point of two years. However, three months after her resist operation, he died. His cause of death is rememberd to discombobulate transplant rejection. He is a establish up to the history of sex exchange. In the reflexion of psychology,the cause of human being who unsatisfied with their own sex and strong involuntary to undergo sex exchange is collectable to grammatical sex activity dysphoria yet the cause of grammatical gender dysphoria is still an un do itn. newly, scientific evidence suggests that on that point argon biological influences forrader pass by birth. This inculpate that gender personal individuation elemen t, on with contrary visible characteristics, is established long before environ cordial factors influence unmarried kindlyisation. A jejunenessful experiment suggests that twain biology and more or slight(prenominal) environment influences may play a utilization in determining gender identity. In the medical examination examination model, transexual men and women atomic number 18 diagnosed with gender dysphoria and gender identity overthrow.In the DSM IV the Ameri git Psychiatric tie-in presents several comp cardinalnts of what it calls gender identity incommode * a strong and persistent cross-gender identification, which is the propensity to be, or the insistence that one is, of the different sex * non merely a desire for any perceived heathen advantages of being the early(a) sex that evidence of a persistent rawness about ones biologically delegate sex * clinically evidentiary distress or impairment in kindly, occupational or early(a) of import argo nas of functioning. While some forms of gender identity dysphoria may be temporary and and then ranssexualism is immutable. However, the cost of sex reassignment surgical process vary. concord to the entropy collected through internet, feminine to male surgery in Toronto be well-nigh $10,000 to $12,000. In the UK, where the sex Identity clinic of the Clark bring in of psychiatry used to sent its clients, male to female surgery costs near ? 9,000 (approximately $18,000 Canadian). The information that is available on costs of sex reassignment surgery indicates that in the get together States male to female surgery can cost between $10,000 and $28,000 (U.S. ). According to the 1996 British Columbia law reform image on human rights and the transgendered community, male to female sex reassignment surgery ranges from between $5,000 and $10,000. Female to male sex reassignment surgery costs considerably more, ranging from $20,000 to more than $60,000. Under lawful and medical issues,the authors no(prenominal) that the legal governance and the medical form put uper tenanted in the medicalisation of identity. For example, the courts ask whether, medically speaking, a person is a woman or a man.In Ontario, the governing body variant of the Vital Statistics Act requires a medical garner and sex reassignment surgery before allowing a change in the birth certificate. Government policies for other documentation vary, only if many ask for medical substantiation that the mortal is transsexual or else of get self-identification. Consultees inform instances of court cases much(prenominal) as custody disputes where the transsexual parent was necessitate to undergo medical assessment to bear out the persons gender identity.Next,transgendered person must receive legal recognition from a gender identity clinic, which is not always get toible, in guild to receive appropriate helper or treatment from the wellness feel for system and other organiza tions that they may engender in contact with. General practitioners ofttimestimes do not bedevil suffivcient resources or expertise that provide appropriate function to transgendered patients. As a result, there are many transgendered individuals who self-medicate and self-treat with endocrine therapy, which subsequently puts their wellness at risk.Many individuals in this situation proclaimed that they matt-up they engender no other option due to expensive operation cost and lack of expertise in this aspect. There are some case that a pre-operative transsexual woman and one intersexed woman should always bring along the permitters written by their doctors because the letter recommend the individual and advised that the individual had been diagnosed as having gender identity disorder so that the flock address the individual as a woman.These two individuals indicated that they carried this letter at all times in the charget that they were halt by the police, stopped when using womens change board or washroom facilities, questioned at governing agencies or in any other authorised setting. It is a recent trend that a growing number of muckle who are transgendered no longer consider sex reassignment surgery as a capable option for them either due to cost, medical risks, medical barriers or even on principle.Many of them do not wish to put one over into a society with rigid diverge standards of sex and gender congruence, only if quite an ask that society accepts and adapts to transgendered tidy sum. Neverthe slight, a gravid number of transsexuals in Ontario seek sex reassignment surgery but due to a recent change in government policy, stinting and medical barriers, they cannot access it. These factors overly effectively preclude transgendered slew from accessing hormone therapy.Sex change is a term a lot used for sex change in humans, that is all medical procedures transgender people may pursue, or specifically to sex reassignment surge ry, which unremarkably refers to genital surgery only. It is also sometimes used for the medical procedures intersex people undergo or more often are subjected to as children. Sex change is sometimes also used for the entire process of changing gender bureau and the medical procedures associated with it.Actually,to them, changing of gender role such as financial condense as a woman instead of keep as a man, or reenforcement as a man instead of living as a woman, is often more important than any medical procedures. There are many different opinion of people nowadays toward the transgender issue. some(a) people thought that people who really decide to change their gender must be a brave and ambitious people. They give people some dictatorial effect that we must not let our dismay to outweigh our desire to make our dreams come true.Thus,they feel that people who undergoes transgender without attending on other peoples view is so courageous as the ready to suffer of the pain in operation and in the cold-shoulder of society. However,there are some people who think that people who not appreciate just give unsatisfired with their own gender,we should appreciate what we had as a gift of God. Therefore,there are some family members who not agree with them and feel that it is a degrade toward the reputation of a amily thus this causes some of the thransgender persons homeless. This is because transsexual youth who are open about their identity fount thorough outlet abuse and rejection from families and peers. Many are labored to leave their home communities and survive on the streets. During the consultation, some individuals indicated that they were not in divergence with the diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Indeed, the diagnosis facilitated their capacity to observe in their felt gender and allowed them to access sex reassignment surgery. oneness group conglomerate with transgendered individuals who are homeless, street workers or living with human immunodeficiency virus/ aid tell that the medical diagnosis is especially important for renounceze off income transsexuals who cannot afford private medical help or who are employed during the diversity from the birth assigned sex to their felt gender. Others were, at the very least, carry oned with the proscribe stereotyping attached to a diagnosis of a psychiatric disability. Most community members verbalise that access to medical operates for sex reassignment should not be barred even if the psychiatric diagnosis is removed.One group make an analogy between the appointment of medical needs related to aligning ones physical appearance to ones gender identity on the one hand and the medical care that is required during motherliness on the other. For instane,The Supreme Court of Canada in Brooks recognized pregnancy as a wellness issue rather than a disability and required that accommodation be provided on the former basis. Similarly, it is argued that transgendered perso ns should be able to arrive at accommodation without being pigeon-holed as persons with disabilities. According to the data,transgender person genuinely face a lot of morality problems.For example the transgender students face severe diversity and harassment in schools. 89. 5% of transgender students report feeling unsafe in schools. Transgender students are at higher risk of dropping out of school and of suicide. Next, many transgender and gender non-conforming students form no access to bathrooms. virtually are told to use the bathroom that does not correspond to their gender identity. Many are expelled from school because the school does not know where the person should use the bathrooms. Then, more than one quarter of them said they had lost a job due to being transgender or gender non-conforming and half were harassed.Many Americans bear a pro instal lack of understanding of what it elbow room to be transgender. Consequently, transgender people commonly face a wide vari ety of prejudiced barriers to full equality. They sometimes face difficulties concourse their basic needs such as getting a job, housing and health care or in having their gender identity respected too the like in the simple act of going to a open restroom. As a conclude,the transgendered community has to deal with discrimination, physical fierceness and undue stereotypes in reality. Those are eighter from Decatur main problems face by transgender people (a) HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS is a remarkable health consideration for transgendered individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors such as insecure sexual activity or intravenous drug use. This issue is highlighted by a research report done in Vancouver, which indicated that 70 to 80 per cent of transgendered sex trade workers are HIV autocratic. (b) Transgendered offspring Transgendered youth afford limited access to professionals who understand the nature of gender identity and how to meet a transgendered individual. Continued homophobia and transphobia in the social redevelopments directed to gay, homosexual and bisexual and transgendered youth compound this.This was stated several times in the consultations. One woman related the story of her incarceration in youth group homes before her sex reassignment surgery. She was told to act like a man, disciplined for not doing so, and survived the process obviously by denying her transgendered status. Further, consultees stated that the educational system does not understand transgendered issues. Transgendered youth and transgendered parents both face barriers dealing with the school system. many social service agencies are offset to recognize the need to address these issues.For example, the Catholic Childrens Aid of Metropolitan Toronto has demonstrable a policy that includes transgendered youth in its hinderance policy. The policy states that all module care providers and volunteers must undergo reading with regard to the needs, concerns, language, symbols and culture of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered youth and families. Issues concerning sexuality that arise in service delivery to transgendered youth should be set with the same respect, concern, sensitivity, and confidentiality accorded to heterosexual youth and families. c) operate and Media Service delivery to the transgendered community is broadly report to be poor. In consultations, individuals reported that they had been stopped by the police and told to identify who they were. Hospital workers show prejudicial attitudes in treatment once the birth assigned sex of the individual is detect. Insurance companies give differential treatment once the transsexual identity of an individual is observed. Transgendered women have trouble accessing womens shelters and other social service agencies.Families of transgendered people, including spouses, children and parents also lack the resources to obtain the support and understanding they need and to be free from di scrimination. The media generally shows a misunderstanding of the issues approach by transsexuals. There is often confusion of terminology used to describe individuals, i. e. not distinguishing between the issues of transsexuals, cross-dressers, etc. The result is that derogatory or sensationalistic language is a great deal used when reporting on issues that are related, in whole or discontinue, to transgender issues. d) OHIP reporting From 1970 to 1998, OHIP reporting had been provided for sex reassignment surgery for individuals approve by the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. Ontarios Ministry of health treated most aspects of sex reassignment surgery, including out-of-province procedures, as reimbursable services under OHIP. Section 7 of the Health Insurance Act outlines that breast enlargement, augmentation, mammoplasty or breast reconstruction in a male to female conversion is not an insured benefit unless prior assurance is received from the Ministry of Health.In all cases, health coverage for sex reassignment surgery in Ontario was dependant upon(p) upon having completed the programme at the Gender Identity Clinic at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and having been recommended by the Clinic for sex reassignment surgery. In October 1998, the Ontario government decided to remove sex reassignment surgery from the list of services covered by provincial health insurance. This decision was met with public outcry from the transgender community and is interpreted as a statement that the government does not consider the issues of transgendered people as valid, significant, or important.This decision has a profound relate on transgendered people who are part of a highly marginalised community and who are also often in a lower income bracket which means they lack the financial resources to pay for surgery. The Ministry of Health has not provided any rationale behind the decision to delete health insurance coverage for sex reassignment surgery. An a rticle in the Toronto Sun, base on information apparently provided by the government, states that the savings will be use to cardiac surgery.However, the public funds allocated for sex reassignment surgery are insignificant when compared to the cypher of the Ministry of Health. The article ignores the fact that qualified professionals have identified surgery to be a medical necessity. Moreover, the consequences of not covering surgery may include additional or increased costs in other areas such as counselling and health care. It may also result in an elevated risk of suicide in the transgendered community because individuals are unable to obtain appropriate services. e) Fear of discovery Transsexuals and transgenderists tending discovery of their birth-assigned sex. Likewise, for cross-dressers, the fear of being discovered is a significant concern. The repercussions of being discovered can include termination of employment, outlet of housing, loss of services, social isolation and other forms of discrimination, harassment and possibly violence. (f) Hate detestations and Transgendered Individuals Crime statistics indicate that transgendered people are victims of nauseate crimes that may also involve violence.Furthermore, such crimes may not be interpreted as seriously or dealt with appropriately. As observe in a lottery brief by the Canadian working class Force for Transgendered Law Reform (g) pauperization There is no statistical data about the rates of poverty for transgendered people. However, it was noted during consultation that transgendered persons experience severe economic hardship. This could be due to the difficulties in accessing medical and insurance services, discrimination in the workplace, and social and economic marginalisation.Mirha-Soleil Ross, the co-ordinator of Meal Trans a program for transgendered people in Toronto, states that 90% of those people who utilise the program earn less than $10,000 a year. (h) International Persec ution of Transgendered People The social rejection of transgendered persons manifests itself internationally through cross-border issues of recognition of transgendered individuals as refugees and related issues of returning them to their country of communication channel under international law. For example, a transgendered woman who claimed refugee status in Canada was deported to Mexico although she alleged fear of persecution if returned.Public and government should give more concern toward transgender people,we must not discriminate those people but give more positive support toward them as it is not unaccented fot a person to decide to undergo sex exchange,the person must be tough and brave enough. In order to minimize the rate of suicide in the population of transgender people,we should pay more attention to them and thus give them an equal rights as what normal people got. We should not manipulate them in public but on the other hand we should respect their weft of underg o transgender.We always erroneously believe that transgender normally is AIDS carrier but in fact they too get along themselves and of course will protect themselves for AIDS by having proper sex intercourse. Recent studies have shown that transgender people are at high risk for HIV. Few studies, however, have directly compared the HIV risks and sexual health of transgender persons with that of other sexual minority populations. This learning used baseline data of intervention studies targeting transgender persons, men who have sex with men, and women who have sex with women and men to compare their HIV risk behavior and sexual health.No significant differences were found between transgender persons and non-transgender men or women in consistent condom use or attitudes toward condom use. Transgender persons were less apt(predicate) to have multiple partners and more credibly to be monogamous than men who have sex with men no differences were found between transgender persons and the women in this respect. When combining data on condom use, monogamy, and multiple partners, transgender persons did not differ from either non-transgender group in their overall risk for HIV.Transgender persons were less liable(predicate) than the men or the women to have been tried and true for HIV. With regard to HIV prevalence, 17% of the men compared to only one transgender person and none of the women reported being HIV-positive. Transgender persons were also less liable(predicate) than men who have sex with men to use drugs no differences were found in the use of alcohol. However, with regard to cordial health, transgender persons were more likely than the men to have experienced depression and more likely than men or women to have considered or attempted suicide.Finally, transgender persons reported the lowest levels of support from family and peers. Thus, in our sample, transgender persons appear to be at lower risk for HIV but at higher risk for mental health concer ns than men who have sex with men. Remarkably few differences were found between transgender persons and women who have sex with women and men-a finding which tycoon reflect the impact of social bulls eye on sexual health and have implications for the design of future HIV/STI bar efforts.